In order to track changes in developments and the degree of insecticide resistance, some common insecticides used to control T. absoluta in Egyptian fields were examined for seasonal variations in resistance. Tests were designed and tested for a few years at various field sample and greenhouse locations. Ten pesticides were selected for testing, and insects were sampled from eight agricultural fields for the laboratory bioassay. The identification and measurement of resistance in various field populations, seasons, and greenhouses revealed that insects were highly vulnerable to the IGR insecticide tested and only mildly susceptible to OP, Py, carbamate, and nicotinoids. Kalubia and Menufia showed more resistance in terms of both distribution and intensity than Dakahlia, Sharkia, and Giza, which showed lower resistance levels, possibly due to less effective insecticide applications. However, lufenuron was the most effective insecticide, followed by chlorfenapyr (IGRs), methoxyfenzoid, chlorfluazuron, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos. Dimethoate and spinoteram were the least effective insecticides.

This article explores how hydroponics can help the State of Qatar implement sustainable agricultural policy in the face of the nation’s climatic and environmental problems, including a lack of arable land and water. Because it uses nutrient solutions to grow plants without soil, hydroponics is a cutting-edge substitute for conventional agriculture. It reduces water consumption and increases production efficiency. The article discusses how Qatar is adopting hydroponics within the framework of its National Vision 2023, which seeks to achieve food security by promoting innovation and sustainability in the agricultural sector. It also focuses on the environmental and economic benefits of hydroponics, such as reducing dependence on food imports and improving the use of natural resources by analysing available data. The article reviews the challenges of applying hydroponics in the State of Qatar, including the high initial cost and lack of public awareness. The article concludes that the demand for hydroponics in Qatar is rising due to a number of causes. Given Qatar’s harsh climate, hydroponics is a cutting-edge and environmentally friendly farming technique that enables year-round growing. Hydroponics is an effective method for growing crops, including fruits and vegetables, on a small amount of arable land and water.

Growing depletion of groundwater resources is a global threat and intensified under improper water valuation systems. Here, we proposed an irrigation water valuation framework based on the opportunity cost concept (IWVF), to better differentiate the value of surface water, renewable, and nonrenewable groundwater. In this study, a 10-years dataset was used in Marvdasht-Kharameh irrigation networks (MKINs) in southern Iran, where groundwater depletion overshoots the sustainable level with an annual average rate of 1.42 m y⁻¹. Irrigation water use, net incomes and losses, and economic water productivities (EWP) were estimated under the common and newly developed valuation methods. The reflections of adopting IWVF on EWPs were assessed under current condition and the proposed WP improvement scenarios, including removing irrigation efficiency gaps, changing the cropping calendar, and application of different levels of deficit irrigation. Results showed that the value of irrigation water supply ($436.91 million) exceeds gross income through crop production ($139.01 million) under current condition, which results in a net loss of $297.9 million in the study area. Hence, economic WP loss will be −0.33 $ m⁻³, meaning that consuming a unit of blue water causes $0.33 income loss under current condition. Applying WP improvement scenarios can reduce value of irrigation water by 27%, and gross income by 5.3%. Accordingly, common WP can increase by 6.6% from 1.81 to 1.93 kg m⁻³. However, the negative sign of EWP loss under management scenarios (−0.22 $ m⁻³) indicates that crop production in the study area is not viable due to its considerable environmental damages. Hence, current irrigation system should be revisited when sustainable agriculture is considered. The proposed water valuation method can help decision makers to better assess the consequences of WP improvement strategies, if the true value of different water resources is ignored.