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Embracing smart irrigation management techniques empowers growers to irrigate with greater efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural production. In this context, growers often rely on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) as a key factor in making informed irrigation decisions, underscoring the significance of accurately determining and spatially mapping crop water status. Technological progress, exemplified by the emergence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), has brought about a revolutionary shift in agricultural monitoring. UAV platforms can capture high-resolution images with centimeter-level spatial accuracy and offer higher temporal coverage compared to satellite imagery. Considering these advancements, this study introduces a robust method for classifying water stress in cotton using a compact UAV platform and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The experiment was conducted at the USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory (CSRL) in Lubbock, Texas, where the cotton field was divided into 12 drip zones. The study included three replications to evaluate four irrigation treatments: “rainfed”, “full irrigation”, “percent deficit of full irrigation”, and “time delay of full irrigation”. The results demonstrated that the CNN model successfully classified the cotton water stress using the UAV-based RGB image, achieving an overall best prediction accuracy of approximately 91%. By segmenting the original cotton images into separate canopy and soil areas using morphological image processing methods, the authors also isolated and analyzed the individual contributions of these components to cotton water stress. Additionally, a random forest classifier revealed the relative importance of different image features in the classification process through feature importance analysis. These findings highlighted the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed system in cotton water stress classification and provided valuable insights into the key image features contributing to accurate classification. The authors concluded that integrating UAV-based RGB imagery and CNN models had great potential for assessing water stress in cotton.

A new approach to measure spatial variability of soil parameters and field technique to test-value specific fertilizer

Information on the distribution of soil properties is important to know the status of nutrients in the soils based on which fertilizer nutrients are recommended. Given the variability of nutrients in the soils, making a site-specific fertilizer recommendation seems to be a compelling work. To determine the spatial variability of soil nutrients and to make judicious and precise fertilizer recommendations, new measures are designed with this study. These measures are tested against the soil samples (n = 43) for total nitrogen (N), organic matter (OM), phosphorus (P2O5), and potassium (K2O) in the study area. The descriptive statistical analysis indicated an average of low nitrogen and organic matter, while phosphorus was found to be very high and the level of potassium was high. The spread of nutrients across the data sets, however, included low, medium, high, and very high levels of ratings. The Deviation Square Index was developed and applied for the variability measurement and found that the largest variation was with phosphorus distribution, followed by potassium, nitrogen, and organic matter. The coefficient of variation (CV%) analysis also exhibited similar trends in nutrient distributions. Nitrogen was the main determinant explaining the variations in rice yield, while phosphorus and potash were negatively related to the yield. An index of fertilizer nutrient recommendation called Test-Value Specific Dose (TVSD) was developed and used to calculate the nutrient recommendation for each sampled location. This new method gave easy and more accurate doses of fertilizer over the blanket recommendation to fit the variations across the soil samples.

Exploring climate change vulnerability and adaptation among smallholder farmers in Nangarhar, Afghanistan: A social-ecological systems perspective

Abid Momand, Ibadat Momand, Nazar Muhammad Amiri, Bahaudin G. Mujtaba

Article ID: 3021
Vol 5, Issue 4, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/ama3021
VIEWS - 1442 (Abstract)

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Abstract

Climate change vulnerability and adaptation strategies for smallholder farmers in Afghanistan are critical issues that require urgent attention from national, regional, and global climate-savvy stakeholders. This study investigates the climate change perception and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers in Nangarhar province, utilizing the social-ecological systems perspective. The study employs a qualitative research design, conducting 11 semi-structured interviews with smallholder farmers to explore their lived experience about climate change, adaptation challenges, and indigenous coping strategies. The study used thematic analysis to examine the collected data. The analysis revealed several key themes that emerged from the data, namely climate change perception, adaptation challenges, indigenous coping strategies, government support and intervention, crop-specific impact, economic impact and livelihood, information sources and communication channels, and concerns about floods. The study highlights the challenges faced by farmers, including difficulties in crop production, limited access to quality inputs, and the adverse effects of drought on agricultural productivity. The findings underscore the importance of developing effective adaptation strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on the agricultural sector and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Afghanistan. The study contributes to the understanding of the vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate change and the importance of enhancing their adaptive capacity, with a specific focus on conflict-affected agrarian regions like Afghanistan.

Keywords

adaptation challenges; climate change perception; indigenous coping strategies; smallholder farmers; social-ecological systems perspective

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Copyright (c) 2024 Abid Momand, Ibadat Momand, Nazar Muhammad Amiri, Bahaudin G. Mujtaba

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Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Zhengjun Qiu

Zhejiang University, China

Honorary Editor-in-Chief

Cheng Sun

Academician of World Academy of Productivity Science; Executive Chairman, World Confederation of Productivity Science China Chapter, China

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