Fluorescence tracer method for analysis of droplet deposition pattern characteristics of the sprays applied via unmanned aerial vehicle

Abstract

With the development of agricultural aviation technologies and their application in agricultural production, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been widely used to control pests and diseases of crops. The high-speed rotation of the rotor in the UAV produces a powerful downwash, affecting the distribution of pesticide droplets on the ground. Understanding the spatial distribution of these droplets on the ground is important to evaluate the application quality of the pesticides and plays an important role in improving the spray system in the UAV and optimizing its operating parameters. Current methods for measuring the droplet deposition distributions use a number of collectors placed regularly on the ground to receive the droplets and measure their sizes; it is difficult for them to effectively obtain the deposition of all droplets due to the downwash of the UAV. This paper presents a new method to resolve this problem by improving the accuracy and spatial continuity of pesticide droplet measurement applied by an unmanned helicopter. The flying parameters of a 3WQF-80-10 unmanned helicopter used to spray pesticides were obtained from the high-precision Beidou navigation system, and the RQT-C-3 fluorescent whitening tracer with a mass fraction of 1.0% was used as the proxy for the pesticides. Two droplet collection methods—one using continuous strip paper and the other using individual water-sensitive paper—were used to measure the droplet deposition distribution. We divided the experimental field into three areas, with Areas 1 and 2 spaced 3 m apart and Areas 2 and 3 spaced 1m apart. A metal bracket 8 m long and 0.5 m away from the ground was placed in each area. Prior to the experiment, a piece of paper tape was fixed to the surface of the bracket, and the water-sensitive paper cards were placed evenly in the area 0.5 m away from the paper tape. There was one piece of paper tape and 15 water-sensitive papers in each area, and a total of six spray tests were performed based on the pro-designed flight parameters. The combinations of flight speed and flight height were: 2 m/s and 3 m, 2 m/s and 6 m, 2 m/s and 9 m, 3 m/s and 3 m, 3 m/s and 6 m, and 4 m/s and 9 m. The paper tape was detected by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, and the water-sensitive papers were scanned using image processing software to obtain droplet deposition coverage rates. The results showed that the distribution curves of the coverage rate obtained by the paper tape method coupled with the fluorescence spectrum tracer were consistent with those obtained from the images of the water-sensitive paper method, with the R2 being 0.88–0.96. Because not all fine droplets fell on the water-sensitive papers due to the effect of the high-speed rotating rotor, the coverage rate curve measured by the continuous fluorescence method had multiple peaks, and the value of its coverage rate was higher than that measured by the water-sensitive paper method. When the unmanned helicopter flew at a speed of 2 m/s and a height of 3 m, the coverage ratio obtained from the continuous fluorescence method was up 16.92% compared to that sampled from the individual water-sensitive paper method, while when the flight speed was 4 m/s at a height of 9 m, the coverage ratio in the latter was 97.77% higher than in the former. In terms of the impacts of unmanned helicopter operating conditions on coverage rate, when the helicopter flew at 2 m/s and a height of 3 m, the coverage rate of the droplets obtained from the two methods was the highest, being 8.34% for the continuous fluorescence method and 7.14% for the individual paper method. As the flight height and speed increased, the spatial coverage rate of the droplets decreased. In summary, the high-speed rotor of the UAV generates a downwash, making the droplets of pesticides move in different directions and resulting in a large spatial difference in their deposition on the ground. Therefore, the continuous sampling method is more adequate to evaluate the spatial distribution of the droplets. This study has implications for the study of detecting the deposition of pesticides and other agrochemicals applied by UAVs.