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Integration of IoT, fog, and cloud in a blockchain network for future smart cities
Vol 6, Issue 2, 2025
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Abstract
In recent times, the concept of smart cities has gained traction as a means to enhance the utilization of urban resources, delivering sustainable services across sectors like energy, transportation, healthcare, and education. Applications for smart cities leverage information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and fog computing. By merging these technologies with platforms like the metaverse, cities can improve service delivery and create more engaging experiences for residents. The metaverse, in this context, serves as a virtual space for interactions between citizens and city authorities, contributing positively to urban planning and management. Nonetheless, data security and privacy remain significant challenges for smart cities implementing these technologies. To address this, blockchain-based security solutions can be effective in supporting sustainable smart city applications. By integrating IoT, fog computing, and cloud services into a blockchain framework, it’s possible to establish a secure and advanced platform for the creation and deployment of applications aimed at sustainable urban development. This paper proposes a conceptual model that combines IoT, fog, and cloud technologies within a blockchain structure, enabling smart city applications to harness the strengths of each technology, thereby optimizing operations, improving service quality, and ensuring robust security.
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Prof. Zhigeng Pan
Director, Institute for Metaverse, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, China

Prof. Jianrong Tan
Academician, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China
Metaverse Scientist Forum No.3 was successfully held on April 22, 2025, from 19:00 to 20:30 (Beijing Time)...
We received the Scopus notification on April 19th, confirming that the journal has been successfully indexed by Scopus...
We are pleased to announce that we have updated the requirements for manuscript figures in the submission guidelines. Manuscripts submitted after April 15, 2025 are required to strictly adhere to the change. These updates are aimed at ensuring the highest quality of visual content in our publications and enhancing the overall readability and impact of your research. For more details, please find it in sumissions...
On April 14, 2025, Prof. James Hutson from the United States delivered a lecture titled “Designing Neurosanctuaries in the Metaverse: Adaptive Virtual Spaces for Cognitive Restoration and Mental Health”...