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The (partial) replacement of synthetic polymers with bioplastics is due to increased production of conventional packaging plastics causing for severe environmental pollution with plastics waste. The bioplastics, however, represent complex mixtures of known and unknown (bio)polymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardant, pigments, antioxidants, hydrophobic polymers such as poly(lactic acid), polyethylene, polyesters, glycol, or poly(butylene succinate), and little is known of their chemical safety for both the environment and the human health. Polymerization reactions of bioplastics can produce no intentionally added chemicals to the bulk material, which could be toxic, as well. When polymers are used to food packing, then the latter chemicals could also migrate from the polymer to food. This fact compromises the safety for consumers, as well. The scarce data on chemical safety of bioplastics makes a gap in knowledge of their toxicity to humans and environment. Thus, development of exact analytical protocols for determining chemicals of bioplastics in environmental and food samples as well as packing polymers can only provide warrant for reliable conclusive evidence of their safety for both the human health and the environment. The task is compulsory according to legislation Directives valid to environmental protection, food control, and assessment of the risk to human health. The quantitative and structural determination of analytes is primary research task of analysis of polymers. The methods of mass spectrometry are fruitfully used for these purposes. Methodological development of exact analytical mass spectrometric tools for reliable structural analysis of bioplastics only guarantees their safety, efficacy, and quality to both humans and environment. This study, first, highlights innovative stochastic dynamics equations processing exactly mass spectrometric measurands and, thus, producing exact analyte quantification and 3D molecular and electronic structural analyses. There are determined synthetic polymers such as poly(ethylenglycol), poly(propylene glycol), and polyisoprene as well as biopolymers in bags for foodstuffs made from renewable cellulose and starch, and containing, in total within the 20,416–17,495 chemicals per sample of the composite biopolymers. Advantages of complementary employment in mass spectrometric methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is highlighted. The study utilizes ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data on biodegradable plastics bags for foodstuffs; high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics; and chemometrics. There is achieved method performance |r| = 0.99981 determining poly(propylene glycol) in bag for foodstuff containing 20,416 species and using stochastic dynamics mass spectrometric formulas. The results highlight their great capability and applicability to the analytical science as well as relevance to both the fundamental research and to the industry.
High Aluminum content in the aquifer of Camaçari industrial pole, state of Bahia, Brazil: Correlation with natural and anthropogenic environmental factors using multivariable analysis
Vol 5, Issue 2, 2024
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Abstract
This work used multivariable analysis to correlate groundwater high aluminum content in the area of the Liquid Effluent Treatment Center—CETREL of the Camaçari Industrial Pole, with natural environmental factors: geology, hydrogeology, precipitation, soil and vegetation; and anthropic: equipments of treatment and disposal of industrial waste from CETREL. This company made available data from 99 monitoring wells, period 2006–2016, with aluminum content above (0.2mg/L) the limit established by the Ministry of Health Ordinance Nº 888, 5 April 2021. Previous studies have indicated that there is no correlation of aluminum in groundwater of the Camaçari Industrial Pole with other metallic contaminants; also, that aluminum in the studied region is disseminated in the geological matrix, clayey soils, and poor and leached Cerrado soils. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant correlation of high aluminum content with the treatment/disposal areas, geology, soil and vegetation; and no correlation with precipitation and hydrogeology. The four environmental factors indicating the highest average aluminum content (±C95%), in descending order, are: Clayey Soils, Organic Sludge Farm I, Marizal Formation, and Herbaceous-Subshrub Vegetation. The multivariable analysis indicated that, the most influential factors on the high aluminum content in groundwater of the CETREL region, are all ultimately associated with the leaching of aluminum present in the solid matrix. As CETREL processes are not correlated with aluminum residues, the results were an important information for the company environmental managers.
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Beijing University of Technology, China
