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The (partial) replacement of synthetic polymers with bioplastics is due to increased production of conventional packaging plastics causing for severe environmental pollution with plastics waste. The bioplastics, however, represent complex mixtures of known and unknown (bio)polymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardant, pigments, antioxidants, hydrophobic polymers such as poly(lactic acid), polyethylene, polyesters, glycol, or poly(butylene succinate), and little is known of their chemical safety for both the environment and the human health. Polymerization reactions of bioplastics can produce no intentionally added chemicals to the bulk material, which could be toxic, as well. When polymers are used to food packing, then the latter chemicals could also migrate from the polymer to food. This fact compromises the safety for consumers, as well. The scarce data on chemical safety of bioplastics makes a gap in knowledge of their toxicity to humans and environment. Thus, development of exact analytical protocols for determining chemicals of bioplastics in environmental and food samples as well as packing polymers can only provide warrant for reliable conclusive evidence of their safety for both the human health and the environment. The task is compulsory according to legislation Directives valid to environmental protection, food control, and assessment of the risk to human health. The quantitative and structural determination of analytes is primary research task of analysis of polymers. The methods of mass spectrometry are fruitfully used for these purposes. Methodological development of exact analytical mass spectrometric tools for reliable structural analysis of bioplastics only guarantees their safety, efficacy, and quality to both humans and environment. This study, first, highlights innovative stochastic dynamics equations processing exactly mass spectrometric measurands and, thus, producing exact analyte quantification and 3D molecular and electronic structural analyses. There are determined synthetic polymers such as poly(ethylenglycol), poly(propylene glycol), and polyisoprene as well as biopolymers in bags for foodstuffs made from renewable cellulose and starch, and containing, in total within the 20,416–17,495 chemicals per sample of the composite biopolymers. Advantages of complementary employment in mass spectrometric methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is highlighted. The study utilizes ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data on biodegradable plastics bags for foodstuffs; high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics; and chemometrics. There is achieved method performance |r| = 0.99981 determining poly(propylene glycol) in bag for foodstuff containing 20,416 species and using stochastic dynamics mass spectrometric formulas. The results highlight their great capability and applicability to the analytical science as well as relevance to both the fundamental research and to the industry.
Investigation into the passivating efficacy of various passivators on cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil in Enshi
Vol 4, Issue 2, 2023
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Abstract
To address the issue of cadmium (CD) contamination in the Enshi Mountain vegetable-growing soil, a pot experiment was conducted to assess the impact of various passivators (including biochar, hydroxyapatite, lime powder, fly ash, and a blend of organic passivators) on the passivation of Cd in the test soil, as well as on the yield, quality, and Cd content of Chinese cabbage. The findings revealed that while lime powder treatment hindered the growth of Chinese cabbage, all other treatments enhanced the fresh weight and height of the plants, with the fly ash treatment increasing the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage by 109.72%. Hydroxyapatite, lime powder, and the mixed passivator raised the soil pH by 25.18%, 36.61%, and 28.21% respectively. None of the treatments significantly affected the activities of soil urease, cellulase, and sugarcane enzyme, but biochar and mixed passivator treatments significantly boosted phosphatase activity by 52.85% and 69.82%, respectively, while lime powder treatment significantly suppressed it. All five passivator treatments decreased the Cd content in Chinese cabbage, with biochar, hydroxyapatite, lime powder, and mixed passivator treatments showing significant suppression, with lime powder being the most effective at reducing Cd by 73.80%. None of the treatments significantly impacted the quality of Chinese cabbage. Biochar and mixed passivator treatments lowered the total Cd content in the soil by 27.21% and 46.98% respectively, while lime powder and mixed passivator treatments reduced soil ion-exchangeable Cd by 67% and 47.35% respectively. The application of these five passivators was effective in reducing the Cd content in Chinese cabbage. Specifically, the mixed passivator treatment not only maintained the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage but also enhanced soil enzyme activity and decreased the proportion of total and effective Cd (ionic and water-soluble) in the soil.
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Beijing University of Technology, China
