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The (partial) replacement of synthetic polymers with bioplastics is due to increased production of conventional packaging plastics causing for severe environmental pollution with plastics waste. The bioplastics, however, represent complex mixtures of known and unknown (bio)polymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardant, pigments, antioxidants, hydrophobic polymers such as poly(lactic acid), polyethylene, polyesters, glycol, or poly(butylene succinate), and little is known of their chemical safety for both the environment and the human health. Polymerization reactions of bioplastics can produce no intentionally added chemicals to the bulk material, which could be toxic, as well. When polymers are used to food packing, then the latter chemicals could also migrate from the polymer to food. This fact compromises the safety for consumers, as well. The scarce data on chemical safety of bioplastics makes a gap in knowledge of their toxicity to humans and environment. Thus, development of exact analytical protocols for determining chemicals of bioplastics in environmental and food samples as well as packing polymers can only provide warrant for reliable conclusive evidence of their safety for both the human health and the environment. The task is compulsory according to legislation Directives valid to environmental protection, food control, and assessment of the risk to human health. The quantitative and structural determination of analytes is primary research task of analysis of polymers. The methods of mass spectrometry are fruitfully used for these purposes. Methodological development of exact analytical mass spectrometric tools for reliable structural analysis of bioplastics only guarantees their safety, efficacy, and quality to both humans and environment. This study, first, highlights innovative stochastic dynamics equations processing exactly mass spectrometric measurands and, thus, producing exact analyte quantification and 3D molecular and electronic structural analyses. There are determined synthetic polymers such as poly(ethylenglycol), poly(propylene glycol), and polyisoprene as well as biopolymers in bags for foodstuffs made from renewable cellulose and starch, and containing, in total within the 20,416–17,495 chemicals per sample of the composite biopolymers. Advantages of complementary employment in mass spectrometric methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is highlighted. The study utilizes ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data on biodegradable plastics bags for foodstuffs; high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics; and chemometrics. There is achieved method performance |r| = 0.99981 determining poly(propylene glycol) in bag for foodstuff containing 20,416 species and using stochastic dynamics mass spectrometric formulas. The results highlight their great capability and applicability to the analytical science as well as relevance to both the fundamental research and to the industry.
The impact of biochar-entrapped microorganisms on enzymatic activity and the cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbons in polluted soil
Vol 4, Issue 2, 2023
Issue release: 12 December 2023
VIEWS - 9283 (Abstract)
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Abstract
The high-temperature pyrolysis oxidation process was utilized to produce reed biochar, which was then employed as a carrier for immobilizing the predominant petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. The study investigated the effects of this biochar-bound microbial immobilization on the remediation efficacy and enzymatic activity of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The findings indicated that after 40 days of treatment with reed biochar-immobilized microorganisms, the soil's petroleum hydrocarbon removal rate reached 55.01%, markedly surpassing the removal rates of biochar (45.82%) and the untreated control group (24.83%). Additionally, it was observed that the biochar-immobilized microorganisms significantly enhanced the activities of soil enzymes such as dehydrogenase, catalase, urease, and polyphenol oxidase. The application of biochar-bound microbial immobilization technology not only boosts the cleanup efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil but also substantially elevates the soil's biological enzyme activity.
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References
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Prof. Hongxing Dai
Beijing University of Technology, China
