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The (partial) replacement of synthetic polymers with bioplastics is due to increased production of conventional packaging plastics causing for severe environmental pollution with plastics waste. The bioplastics, however, represent complex mixtures of known and unknown (bio)polymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardant, pigments, antioxidants, hydrophobic polymers such as poly(lactic acid), polyethylene, polyesters, glycol, or poly(butylene succinate), and little is known of their chemical safety for both the environment and the human health. Polymerization reactions of bioplastics can produce no intentionally added chemicals to the bulk material, which could be toxic, as well. When polymers are used to food packing, then the latter chemicals could also migrate from the polymer to food. This fact compromises the safety for consumers, as well. The scarce data on chemical safety of bioplastics makes a gap in knowledge of their toxicity to humans and environment. Thus, development of exact analytical protocols for determining chemicals of bioplastics in environmental and food samples as well as packing polymers can only provide warrant for reliable conclusive evidence of their safety for both the human health and the environment. The task is compulsory according to legislation Directives valid to environmental protection, food control, and assessment of the risk to human health. The quantitative and structural determination of analytes is primary research task of analysis of polymers. The methods of mass spectrometry are fruitfully used for these purposes. Methodological development of exact analytical mass spectrometric tools for reliable structural analysis of bioplastics only guarantees their safety, efficacy, and quality to both humans and environment. This study, first, highlights innovative stochastic dynamics equations processing exactly mass spectrometric measurands and, thus, producing exact analyte quantification and 3D molecular and electronic structural analyses. There are determined synthetic polymers such as poly(ethylenglycol), poly(propylene glycol), and polyisoprene as well as biopolymers in bags for foodstuffs made from renewable cellulose and starch, and containing, in total within the 20,416–17,495 chemicals per sample of the composite biopolymers. Advantages of complementary employment in mass spectrometric methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is highlighted. The study utilizes ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data on biodegradable plastics bags for foodstuffs; high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics; and chemometrics. There is achieved method performance |r| = 0.99981 determining poly(propylene glycol) in bag for foodstuff containing 20,416 species and using stochastic dynamics mass spectrometric formulas. The results highlight their great capability and applicability to the analytical science as well as relevance to both the fundamental research and to the industry.
Investigation into the correlation between agricultural non-point source pollution and economic expansion in Xinjiang: A Kuznets Curve analysis
Vol 3, Issue 1, 2022
Issue release: 31 December 2022
VIEWS - 3414 (Abstract)
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Abstract
This study employs the output coefficient method to estimate the agricultural non-point source pollution load in Xinjiang and further analyzes its Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) characteristics. The objective is to conduct empirical research on the relationship between livestock, planting, rural living, and economic growth. The results indicate that: (1) The agricultural non-point source pollution load in Xinjiang, in terms of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), is ranked from highest to lowest as follows: animal husbandry, planting industry, and rural life. The non-point source pollution from animal husbandry is predominantly attributed to cattle and sheep, while the planting industry's pollution mainly stems from wheat, corn, and cotton crops. The pollution associated with rural life is largely due to the increasing rural population; (2) The relationship between agricultural non-point source pollution and economic growth in Xinjiang is not only an inverted "U" type but also an inverted "N" type, "U" type, and linear type. This suggests that as the economy grows, the pollution load may initially increase, reach a peak, and then decline, or it may rise continuously or show a linear trend. The findings provide insights into the complex relationship between agricultural non-point source pollution and economic growth, which can inform policy-makers in developing strategies to balance economic development and environmental protection in the region.
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References
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Prof. Hongxing Dai
Beijing University of Technology, China
