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The (partial) replacement of synthetic polymers with bioplastics is due to increased production of conventional packaging plastics causing for severe environmental pollution with plastics waste. The bioplastics, however, represent complex mixtures of known and unknown (bio)polymers, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, flame retardant, pigments, antioxidants, hydrophobic polymers such as poly(lactic acid), polyethylene, polyesters, glycol, or poly(butylene succinate), and little is known of their chemical safety for both the environment and the human health. Polymerization reactions of bioplastics can produce no intentionally added chemicals to the bulk material, which could be toxic, as well. When polymers are used to food packing, then the latter chemicals could also migrate from the polymer to food. This fact compromises the safety for consumers, as well. The scarce data on chemical safety of bioplastics makes a gap in knowledge of their toxicity to humans and environment. Thus, development of exact analytical protocols for determining chemicals of bioplastics in environmental and food samples as well as packing polymers can only provide warrant for reliable conclusive evidence of their safety for both the human health and the environment. The task is compulsory according to legislation Directives valid to environmental protection, food control, and assessment of the risk to human health. The quantitative and structural determination of analytes is primary research task of analysis of polymers. The methods of mass spectrometry are fruitfully used for these purposes. Methodological development of exact analytical mass spectrometric tools for reliable structural analysis of bioplastics only guarantees their safety, efficacy, and quality to both humans and environment. This study, first, highlights innovative stochastic dynamics equations processing exactly mass spectrometric measurands and, thus, producing exact analyte quantification and 3D molecular and electronic structural analyses. There are determined synthetic polymers such as poly(ethylenglycol), poly(propylene glycol), and polyisoprene as well as biopolymers in bags for foodstuffs made from renewable cellulose and starch, and containing, in total within the 20,416–17,495 chemicals per sample of the composite biopolymers. Advantages of complementary employment in mass spectrometric methods and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is highlighted. The study utilizes ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data on biodegradable plastics bags for foodstuffs; high accuracy quantum chemical static methods, molecular dynamics; and chemometrics. There is achieved method performance |r| = 0.99981 determining poly(propylene glycol) in bag for foodstuff containing 20,416 species and using stochastic dynamics mass spectrometric formulas. The results highlight their great capability and applicability to the analytical science as well as relevance to both the fundamental research and to the industry.
Investigative analysis of the impact of low-level air pollution NO2 on mortality rates among residents due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
Vol 3, Issue 1, 2022
Issue release: 31 December 2022
VIEWS - 3825 (Abstract)
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Abstract
Objective: The study aims to assess the influence of low-level atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the mortality risk associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi City, with the intention of providing a scientific foundation for identifying sensitive populations and devising population health policies. Methods: Data on air pollutant levels, meteorological factors, and mortality rates due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases among residents of Enshi City were collected from 2015 to 2018. A generalized additive model, based on the Poisson distribution, was employed to analyze the relationship between low-level NO2air pollution and the mortality risk for these diseases. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, gender, and season. Results: The average concentrations of key gaseous pollutants in Enshi City from 2015 to 2018 were as follows: NO2 (21.40 μg/m3), sulfur dioxide (SO2, 9.68 μg/m3), carbon monoxide (CO, 0.88 mg/m3), and ozone (O3, 61.21 μg/m3). The analysis of the single-pollutant model indicated that for every 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration across the total population, the risk of dying from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases on the same day (lag0) rose by 0.33% (95% CI: -0.06% to 0.72%, P > 0.05). Among females, each 1% increase in NO2 concentration was associated with a 0.92% increase (95% CI: 0.26% to 1.56%, P < 0.05) in the risk of mortality from these diseases with a cumulative lag of 1 day (lag01). During the cold season, every 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration was linked to a 0.62% increase (95% CI: 0.12% to 1.12%, P < 0.05) in the mortality risk for the entire population on the same day (lag0). The two-pollutant model results showed that even after adjusting for other gaseous pollutants (SO2, CO, or O3), the association between NO2 and the mortality risk from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases persisted for women and the entire population during the cold season. Conclusion: In Enshi City, the presence of low NO2 pollution levels is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease mortality among both women and the general population, particularly during the colder months. It is crucial to prioritize the health safeguarding of vulnerable populations in regions with low pollution and during specific seasonal periods.
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Prof. Hongxing Dai
Beijing University of Technology, China
