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If general relativity is correct, then the origin of the universe is a simple mathematical problem. The Friedmann equation in cosmology is a well-structured ordinary differential equation, and the global properties of its solutions can be qualitatively analyzed by the phase-trajectory method. In this paper we show that the total energy density of matter in the universe is positive, and the total pressure near the Big Bang is negative. By analyzing the global properties of the solutions to the Friedmann equation according to these two conditions of state functions, we find that the Big Bang is impossible, and the space must be a closed 3-dimensional sphere, the cosmological constant is likely to be zero, and the evolution of the universe should be cyclic. The analysis and the proof are simple and straight forward, therefore these conclusions should be reliable.
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Stability analysis of the SEIRS epidemic model with infectious dynamics during latent and infectious periods
Article ID: 2885
Vol 2, Issue 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.54517/mss2885
Vol 2, Issue 2, 2024
Received: 15 August 2024; Accepted: 13 September 2024; Available online: 30 September 2024; Issue release: 15 November 2024
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Abstract
Coronary pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus was one of the most significant public health threats in recent years. In this paper, we develop and investigate an SEIRS epidemic model that incorporates infectivity during both the latent and infectious stages to characterize the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. By calculating the basic reproduction number (R0) and applying monotonic dynamical system theory along with geometric methods, we validate the threshold theorem. Our analysis demonstrates that the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable when R0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium becomes globally stable when R0 > 1.
Keywords
COVID-19; SEIRS epidemic model; Basic reproduction number; Global stability
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Cairo University, Egypt
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