
Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. (APACSCI) specializes in international journal publishing. APACSCI adopts the open access publishing model and provides an important communication bridge for academic groups whose interest fields include engineering, technology, medicine, computer, mathematics, agriculture and forestry, and environment.

Clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using biomarker methylation and nanotechnology-supported deep learning techniques
Vol 39, Issue 4, 2025
Download PDF
Abstract
Background: The extensive study of clinical health systems is creating a paradigm for the newest computer-based systems that are emerging. Pancreatic cancer, which cannot be allowed to be treated efficiently once diagnosed and is frequently unanticipated due to its position in the belly below the stomach, is one of the most prevalent tumors that is believed to be irreversible. Biological therapies, sometimes referred to as immunotherapies or targeted therapies, are used to treat pancreatic cancer in order to control hormone pathways, target certain cancer cells, or strengthen the immune system. Method: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths, and there currently is no reliable modality for the early detection of this disease. Here, identifies cancer-specific promoter DNA methylation of BNC1 and ADAMTS1 as a promising biomarker detection strategy meriting investigation in pancreatic cancer. Nanoparticles directly target tumor cells, allowing their detection and removal. It also can be engineered to carry specific payloads, such as drugs or contrast agents, and enhance the efficacy and precision of cancer treatment. This study develops a unique cascaded fully convolutional neural network (CFCNN) with Hybrid Krill Herd African Buffalo Optimization (HKH-ABO) mechanism for early pancreatic computed tomography (CT) image classification of pancreatic cancer. A new Wienmed filter is created for pre-processing the noisy CT image content after the system is successfully trained on pancreatic CT pictures. In addition, the proposed CFCN with the HKH-ABO pathway distinguishes between pancreatic cancerous and non-pancreatic cancerous forms of the disease. Results: The accuracy of the CFCNN for the analysis of pancreatic cancer was 98.87%, showing that the various volumes of the 3DIRCAD datasets analyzed had a combined accuracy rate of 99% for training and 99% for testing. Conclusion: The combination of advanced biomarker identification, BNC1 and ADAMTS1 methylation, and nanoparticle-based targeting further enhances the precision and efficacy of pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. As a result, advancements in medical study are steadily going in the direction of the installation of automation machines that determine the phases of cancers and, if directly touched, provide better guidance and therapy.
Keywords
References
1. Brozos-Vázquez, Elena Marta Toledano-Fonseca, Nicolás Costa-Fraga, et al. Pancreatic cancer biomarkers: A pathway to advance in personalized treatment selection. Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2024; 125: 102719. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102719
2. Li H, Zhong H, Boimel PJ, et al. Deep convolutional neural networks for imaging-based survival analysis of rectal cancer patients. International Journal of Radiation Oncology. 2017; 99(2): S183.
3. Yasaka K, Abe O. Deep learning and artificial intelligence in radiology: Current applications and future directions. PLoS Medicine. 2018; 15: e1002707. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002707
4. Esteva A, Kuprel B, Novoa RA, et al. Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature. 2017; 542: 115–18. doi: 10.1038/nature21056
5. Chithra PL, Bhavani P. Nanotechnology Perspective of Lung Cancer Imaging Diagnosis using Deep Learning Techniques. In: 2022 6th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), 1393–1398. IEEE, 2022. R. Madadjim, Using an integrative machine learning approach to study microRNA regulation networks in pancreatic cancer progression; 2021.
6. Al-Fatlawi A, Malekian N, García S, et al. Deep learning improves pancreatic cancer diagnosis using rnabased variants. Cancers. 2021; 13(11): 2654. doi: 10.3390/cancers13112654
7. Tonozuka R, Itoi T, Nagata N, et al. Deep learning analysis for the detection of pancreatic cancer on endosonographic images: A pilot study. Journal of Hepato Biliary Pancreatic Sciences. 2021; 28(1): 95–104. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.825
8. Poce I, Arsenjeva J, Kielaite-Gulla A, et al. Pancreas segmentation in CT images: State of the art in clinical practice. Baltic Journal of Modern Computing. 2021; 9(1): 25–34. doi: 10.22364/bjmc.2021.9.1.02
9. Lara JA, Lizcano D, Valente JP et al. A general framework for time series data mining based on event analysis: Application to the medical domains of electroencephalography and stabilometry. Baltic Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2014; 51: 219–241. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.06.003
10. Muhammad W, Hart GR, Nartowt B, et al. Pancreatic cancer prediction through an artificial neural network. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. 2019; 3: 2. doi: 10.3389/frai.2019.00002
11. Appelbaum L, Cambronero JP, Stevens JP, et al. Development and validation of a pancreatic cancer risk model for the general population using electronic health records: An observational study. European Journal of Cancer. 2021; 143: 19–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.019
12. Zhang M, Shi X, Wu C, et al. Identification of reliable biomarkers for radiation pneumonia using a proteomics approach. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2023; 37(10): 5175–5186. doi: 10.1007/s00432-023-04827-7
13. Zhang CW, Jia DY, Wu NK, et al. Quantitative detection of cervical cancer based on time series information from smear images, Applied Soft Computing. 2021; 112(03): 107791. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107791
14. Wang S, Celebi ME, Zhang Y, et al. Advances in data preprocessing for biomedical data fusion: An overview of the methods, challenges, and prospects, inform. Fusion. 2021; 76: 376–421. doi: 10.1016/j.inffus.2021.07.001
15. Azad TD, Ehresman J, Ahmed AK, et al. Fostering reproducibility and generalizability in machine learning for clinical prediction modeling in spine surgery. The Spine Journal. 2020; 21(10): 1610–1616. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.10.006
16. López-Zambrano J, Lara JA, Romero C. Improving the portability of predicting students’ performance models by using ontologies. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. 2022; 34(1): 1–19. doi: 10.1007/s12528-021-09273-3
17. Gutiérrez R, Rampérez V, Paggi H, et al. On the use of information fusion techniques to improve information quality: Taxonomy, opportunities and challenges, Inform Fusion. 2022; 78: 102–137. doi: 10.1016/j.inffus.2021.09.017
18. Farag A, Lu L, Roth HR, et al. A bottom-up approach for pancreas segmentation using cascaded superpixels, and (Deep) image patch labeling. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 2017; 26(1): 386–399. doi: 10.1109/TIP.2016.2624198
19. Jain S, Gupta S, Gulati A. An adaptive hybrid technique for pancreas segmentation using CT image sequences. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Signal Processing, Computing and Control (ISPCC); 24–26 September 2015; Waknaghat, India. pp. 272–276. doi: 10.1109/ISPCC.2015.7375039
20. Gibson E, Giganti F, Hu Y, et al. Automatic multi-organ segmentation on abdominal CT with dense V-Networks. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2018; 37(8): 1822–1834. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2018.2806309
21. Erdt M, Kirschner M, Drechsler K, et al. Automatic pancreas segmentation in contrast enhanced CT data using learned spatial anatomy and texture descriptors. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro; 30 March 2011–2 April 2011; Chicago, IL, USA. pp. 2076–2082. doi: 10.1109/ISBI.2011.5872821
22. Shimizu A, Kimoto T, Kobatake H, et al. Automated pancreas segmentation from three-dimensional contrast enhanced computed tomography. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery. 2010; 5(1): 85–98. doi: 10.1007/s11548-009-0384-0.
23. Wolz R, Chu C, Misawa K, et al. Automated abdominal multi-organ segmentation with subject-specific atlas generation. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 2013; 32(9): 1723–1730. doi: 10.1109/tmi.2013.2265805
24. Taha AA, Hanbury A. Metrics for evaluating 3D medical image segmentation: Analysis, selection, and tool. BioMed Central Medical Imaging. 2015; 15: 29. doi: 10.1186/s12880-015-0068-x
25. Okada T, Linguraru M, Yoshida Y, et al. Abdominal multi-organ segmentation of CT images based on hierarchical spatial modeling of organ interrelations. In: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Abdominal Imaging: Computational and Clinical Applications; 18 September 2011; Toronto, Canada. pp. 173–180. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-28557-8_22
26. Chu C, Oda M, Kitasaka T, et al. Multi-organ segmentation based on spatially-divided probabilistic atlas from 3D abdominal ct images. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention–MICCAI 2013; 22–26 September 2013; Nagoya, Japan. pp. 165–172. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-40763-5_21
27. Park J, Artin MG, Lee KE, et al. Deep learning on time series laboratory test results from electronic health records for early detection of pancreatic cancer. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2022; 131: 104095. doi: 10. 1016/j.jbi.2022.104095
28. Placido D, Yuan B, Hjaltelin JX, et al. Pancreatic cancer risk predicted from disease trajectories using deep learning. Preprint at bioRxiv. 2022. doi: 10.1101/2021.06.27.449937.
29. Brachi G, Bussolino F, Ciardelli G, et al. Nanomedicine for imaging and therapy of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2019; 7: 307. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00307
Supporting Agencies
This Study has not received any financial support or funding from external sources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Medical Genetics, University of Torino Medical School, Italy

Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
