The exacerbation of climate change impacts within metropolitan areas is a well-documented phenomenon, often leading to severe consequences that pose significant risks to human populations. The impact of urban vegetation and planting design on these factors can be observed. However, it is worth mentioning that while there is an extensive body of literature on the consequences of climate change, there is a relatively small number of studies specifically focused on examining the role of vegetation as a mitigating factor in urban environments. This review paper aims to critically examine existing studies pertaining to the role of urban vegetation in mitigating the detrimental effects of the urban environment. The objective is to offer practical recommendations that can be implemented by city planners. By conducting a comprehensive examination of the literature available in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, employing specific keywords pertaining to urban vegetation and climate change, we have identified five prominent concerns pertaining to the urban environment. These concerns encompass particulate matter, gaseous pollution, noise pollution, water runoff, and the urban heat island effect. The present analysis highlights that the impact of urban vegetation on the negative consequences of climate change cannot be unequivocally classified as either positive or negative. This is due to the fact that the influence of urban greenery is intricately connected to factors such as the arrangement, makeup, and dispersion of vegetation, as well as the specific management criteria employed. Hence, this research has the potential to enhance comprehension of the multifaceted nature of urban green spaces and establish a solid groundwork for subsequent investigations.

1. Raihan A. Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: Dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables. Innovation and Green Development. 2023; 2(2): 100038. doi: 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100038
2. Raihan A. A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation strategies, and mitigation options in the socio-economic and environmental sectors. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2023; 2(3): 36–58. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v2i3.587
3. Raihan A. The dynamic nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agricultural productivity, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions in the Philippines. Energy Nexus. 2023; 9: 100180. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100180
4. Raihan A. Nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and its determinants: The role of renewable energy and technological innovations towards green development in South Korea. Innovation and Green Development. 2023; 2(3): 100066. doi: 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100066
5. Raihan A. Green energy and technological innovation towards a low-carbon economy in Bangladesh. Green and Low-Carbon Economy. 2023. doi: 10.47852/bonviewglce32021340
6. Raihan A. Exploring environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis in Bangladesh: The impact of foreign direct investment. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2023; 2(1): 25–36. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v2i1.451
7. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, et al. Nexus between economic growth, energy use, urbanization, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Bangladesh. Energy Nexus. 2022; 8: 100144. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100144
8. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, et al. Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, technological innovation, and forest area towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Energy and Climate Change. 2022; 3: 100080. doi: 10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100080
9. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Pavel MI, et al. Dynamic impacts of economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, and tourism on carbon dioxide emissions in Argentina. Environmental Processes. 2022; 9(2). doi: 10.1007/s40710-022-00590-y
10. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, et al. Dynamic linkages between environmental factors and carbon emissions in Thailand. Environmental Processes. 2023; 10(1). doi: 10.1007/s40710-023-00618-x
11. Raihan A, Rashid M, Voumik LC, et al. The dynamic impacts of economic growth, financial globalization, fossil fuel, renewable energy, and urbanization on load capacity factor in Mexico. Sustainability. 2023; 15(18): 13462. doi: 10.3390/su151813462
12. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Dynamic impacts of economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agriculture, and forests on carbon emissions in Turkey. Carbon Research 2022; 1(1). doi: 10.1007/s44246-022-00019-z
13. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Towards sustainability: Dynamic nexus between carbon emission and its determining factors in Mexico. Energy Nexus. 2022; 8: 100148. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100148
14. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, agricultural value-added, and forested area on carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 2022; 12(4): 794-814. doi: 10.1007/s13412-022-00782-w
15. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, urbanization, agricultural productivity, and forested area on carbon emissions: New insights from Kazakhstan. World Development Sustainability 2022; 1: 100019. doi: 10.1016/j.wds.2022.100019
16. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Nexus between emission reduction factors and anthropogenic carbon emissions in India. Anthropocene Science. 2022; 1(2): 295–310. doi: 10.1007/s44177-022-00028-y
17. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. The nexus between economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Singapore. Sustainability Analytics and Modeling. 2022; 2: 100009. doi: 10.1016/j.samod.2022.100009
18. Raihan A, Chandra Voumik L. Carbon emission dynamics in India due to financial development, renewable energy utilization, technological innovation, economic growth, and urbanization. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2022; 1(4): 36–50. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v1i4.412
19. Voumik LC, Mimi MB, Raihan A. Nexus between urbanization, industrialization, natural resources rent, and anthropogenic carbon emissions in South Asia: CS-ARDL approach. Anthropocene Science. 2023; 2(1): 48–61. doi: 10.1007/s44177-023-00047-3
20. Voumik LC, Rahman MdH, Rahman MdM, et al. Toward a sustainable future: Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), urbanization, trade openness, economic growth, and energy usage in Australia. Regional Sustainability. 2023; 4(4): 405–415. doi: 10.1016/j.regsus.2023.11.003
21. Voumik LC, Ridwan M, Rahman MH, et al. An investigation into the primary causes of carbon dioxide releases in Kenya: Does renewable energy matter to reduce carbon emission? Renewable Energy Focus. 2023; 47: 100491. doi: 10.1016/j.ref.2023.100491
22. Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, et al. Climate change mitigation options in the forestry sector of Malaysia. Journal Kejuruteraan. 2018; 1: 89–98.
23. Ali AZ, Rahman MS, Raihan A. Soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems as a mitigation strategy of climate change: A case study from Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research. 2022; 3(4): 1–15.
24. Begum RA, Raihan A, Said MNM. Dynamic impacts of economic growth and forested area on carbon dioxide emissions in Malaysia. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22): 9375. doi: 10.3390/su12229375
25. Jaafar WSWM, Maulud KNA, Kamarulzaman AMM, et al. The influence of forest degradation on land surface temperature–A case study of Perak and Kedah, Malaysia. Forests. 2020; 11(6): 670.
26. Raihan A. The contribution of economic development, renewable energy, technical advancements, and forestry to Uruguay’s objective of becoming carbon neutral by 2030. Carbon Research. 2023; 2(1). doi: 10.1007/s44246-023-00052-6
27. Raihan A. A review on the integrative approach for economic valuation of forest ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2023; 2(3): 1–18. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v2i3.554
28. Raihan A. Sustainable development in Europe: A review of the forestry sector’s social, environmental, and economic dynamics. Global Sustainability Research. 2023; 2(3): 72–92. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v2i3.585
29. Raihan A. The potential of agroforestry in South Asian countries towards achieving the climate goals. Asian Journal of Forestry. 2024; 8(1): 1–17.
30. Buccolieri R, Carlo OS, Rivas E, et al. Obstacles influence on existing urban canyon ventilation and air pollutant concentration: A review of potential measures. Building and Environment. 2022; 214: 108905. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108905
31. Raihan A, Begum RA, Mohd Said MN, et al. A review of emission reduction potential and cost savings through forest carbon sequestration. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution. 2019; 16(3): 1–7. doi: 10.3233/ajw190027
32. Raihan A, Ara Begum R, Mohd Said MN. A meta-analysis of the economic value of forest carbon stock. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2021; 17(4). doi: 10.17576/geo-2021-1704-22
33. Raihan A, Begum RA, Mohd Said MN, et al. Assessment of carbon stock in forest biomass and emission reduction potential in Malaysia. Forests. 2021; 12(10): 1294. doi: 10.3390/f12101294
34. Raihan A, Begum RA, Nizam M, et al. Dynamic impacts of energy use, agricultural land expansion, and deforestation on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Environmental and Ecological Statistics. 2022; 29(3): 477–507. doi: 10.1007/s10651-022-00532-9
35. Raihan A, Bijoy TR. A review of the industrial use and global sustainability of Cannabis sativa. Global Sustainability Research. 2023; 2(4): 1–29. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v2i4.597
36. Meo SA, Almutairi FJ, Abukhalaf AA, et al. Effect of green space environment on air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, CO, O3, and incidence and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in highly green and less-green countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24): 13151. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413151
37. Kirešová S, Guzan M, Sobota B. Using low-cost sensors for measuring and monitoring particulate matter with a focus on fine and ultrafine particles. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(2): 324. doi: 10.3390/atmos14020324
38. Chen J, Hoek G. Long-term exposure to PM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International. 2020; 143: 105974. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105974
39. Luo H, Zhang Q, Niu Y, et al. Fine particulate matter and cardiorespiratory health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2023; 123: 306–316. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.026
40. WHO. Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution. World Health Organization (WHO); 2022.
41. Phaswana S, Wright CY, Garland RM, et al. Lagged acute respiratory outcomes among children related to ambient pollutant exposure in a high exposure setting in South Africa. Environmental Epidemiology. 2022; 6(6): e228. doi: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000228
42. Bessagnet B, Allemand N, Putaud JP, et al. Emissions of carbonaceous particulate matter and ultrafine particles from vehicles—A scientific review in a cross-cutting context of air pollution and climate change. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(7): 3623. doi: 10.3390/app12073623
43. Ren Z, Liu X, Liu T, et al. Effect of ambient fine particulates (PM2.5) on hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Wuhan, China. Respiratory Research. 2021; 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01731-x
44. Lei J, Chen R, Liu C, et al. Fine and coarse particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for a wide range of respiratory diseases: A nationwide case-crossover study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2023; 52(3): 715–726. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyad056
45. Conticini E, Frediani B, Caro D. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy? Environmental Pollution. 2020; 261: 114465. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465
46. Thandra KC, Barsouk A, Saginala K, et al. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Contemporary Oncology/Współczesna Onkologia. 2021; 25(1): 45–52.
47. Luderer U, Lim J, Ortiz L, et al. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) depletes the ovarian follicle reserve and causes sex-dependent cardiovascular changes in apolipoprotein E null mice. Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 2022; 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12989-021-00445-8
48. Tiwari A, Kumar P. Integrated dispersion-deposition modelling for air pollutant reduction via green infrastructure at an urban scale. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 723: 138078. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138078
49. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, et al. An econometric analysis of Greenhouse gas emissions from different agricultural factors in Bangladesh. Energy Nexus. 2023; 9: 100179. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100179
50. Raihan A, Pavel MI, Muhtasim DA, et al. The role of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and forest cover toward green development: Evidence from Indonesia. Innovation and Green Development. 2023; 2(1): 100035. doi: 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100035
51. Raihan A, Said MNM. Cost–Benefit analysis of climate change mitigation measures in the forestry sector of peninsular Malaysia. Earth Systems and Environment. 2021; 6(2): 405–419. doi: 10.1007/s41748-021-00241-6
52. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Nexus between energy use, industrialization, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Russia. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2022; 1(4): 1–11. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v1i4.269
53. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Toward a sustainable environment: Nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, forested area, and carbon emissions in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances. 2022; 15: 200096. doi: 10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200096
54. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Towards net zero emissions by 2050: The role of renewable energy, technological innovations, and forests in New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2023; 2(1): 1–16. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v2i1.422
55. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Pavel MI, et al. An econometric analysis of the potential emission reduction components in Indonesia. Cleaner Production Letters. 2022; 3: 100008. doi: 10.1016/j.clpl.2022.100008
56. Yang F, He K, Ye B, et al. One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2005; 5(6): 1449–1457. doi: 10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005
57. Nowak DJ, Hirabayashi S, Bodine A, et al. Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten U.S. cities and associated health effects. Environmental Pollution. 2013; 178: 395–402. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.050
58. McDonald AG, Bealey WJ, Fowler D, et al. Quantifying the effect of urban tree planting on concentrations and depositions of PM10 in two UK conurbations. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41(38): 8455–8467. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.025
59. Ghosh S, Dutta R, Mukhopadhyay S. A review on seasonal changes in particulate matter accumulation by plant bioindicators: Effects on leaf traits. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2023; 234(8). doi: 10.1007/s11270-023-06549-5
60. Mandal M, Popek R, Przybysz A, et al. Breathing fresh air in the city: Implementing avenue trees as a sustainable solution to reduce particulate pollution in urban agglomerations. Plants. 2023; 12(7): 1545. doi: 10.3390/plants12071545
61. Lindén J, Gustafsson M, Uddling J, et al. Air pollution removal through deposition on urban vegetation: The importance of vegetation characteristics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2023; 81: 127843. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127843
62. Tarodiya R, Krasovitov B, Kleeorin N, et al. Numerical study of dry deposition of dust-PM10 on leaves of coniferous forest. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2023; 14(9): 101859. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2023.101859
63. Hozhabralsadat MS, Heidari A, Karimian Z, et al. Assessment of plant species suitability in green walls based on API, heavy metal accumulation, and particulate matter capture capacity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022; 29(45): 68564–68581. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20625-z
64. Corada K, Woodward H, Alaraj H, et al. A systematic review of the leaf traits considered to contribute to removal of airborne particulate matter pollution in urban areas. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 269: 116104. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116104
65. Chen L, Liu C, Zhang L, et al. Variation in tree species ability to capture and retain airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Scientific Reports. 2017; 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03360-1
66. Bannister EJ, MacKenzie AR, Cai X ‐M. Realistic forests and the modeling of forest‐atmosphere exchange. Reviews of Geophysics. 2022; 60(1). doi: 10.1029/2021rg000746
67. Jin S, Guo J, Wheeler S, et al. Evaluation of impacts of trees on PM2.5 dispersion in urban streets. Atmospheric Environment. 2014; 99: 277–287. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.002
68. Haynes RJ, Murtaza G, Naidu R. Inorganic and organic constituents and contaminants of biosolids: Implications for land application. Advances in Agronomy. 2009; 104: 165–267.
69. Zheng G, Li P. Resuspension of settled atmospheric particulate matter on plant leaves determined by wind and leaf surface characteristics. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26(19): 19606–19614. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05241-8
70. Kwak MJ, Lee J, Park S, et al. Understanding particulate matter retention and wash-off during rainfall in relation to leaf traits of urban forest tree species. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(2): 165. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae9020165
71. Xie C, Yan L, Liang A, et al. Understanding the washoff processes of PM2.5 from leaf surfaces during rainfall events. Atmospheric Environment. 2019; 214: 116844. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116844
72. Száraz LR. The impact of urban green spaces on climate and air quality in cities. Geographical Locality Studies. 2014; 2(1): 326–354.
73. Abhijith KV, Kumar P, Gallagher J, et al. Air pollution abatement performances of green infrastructure in open road and built-up street canyon environments – A review. Atmospheric Environment. 2017; 162: 71–86. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014
74. Beckett KP, Freer-Smith PH, Taylor G. The capture of particulate pollution by trees at five contrasting urban sites. Arboricultural Journal. 2000; 24(2–3): 209–230. doi: 10.1080/03071375.2000.9747273
75. Xing Y, Brimblecombe P. Trees and parks as “the lungs of cities.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 48: 126552. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126552
76. Ren F, Qiu Z, Liu Z, et al. Trees help reduce street-side air pollution: A focus on cyclist and pedestrian exposure risk. Building and Environment. 2023; 229: 109923. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109923
77. Almeida-Silva M, Canha N, Vogado F, et al. Assessment of particulate matter levels and sources in a street canyon at Loures, Portugal – A case study of the REMEDIO project. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2020; 11(10): 1857–1869. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2020.07.021
78. Pugh TAM, MacKenzie AR, Whyatt JD, et al. Effectiveness of green infrastructure for improvement of air quality in urban street canyons. Environmental Science & Technology. 2012; 46(14): 7692–7699. doi: 10.1021/es300826w
79. Jeanjean APR, Buccolieri R, Eddy J, et al. Air quality affected by trees in real street canyons: The case of Marylebone neighbourhood in central London. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2017; 22: 41–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2017.01.009
80. Muhammad S, Wuyts K, Samson R. Species-specific dynamics in magnetic PM accumulation and immobilization for six deciduous and evergreen broadleaves. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2022; 13(4): 101377. doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101377
81. Gatto E, Buccolieri R, Aarrevaara E, et al. Impact of urban vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort: Comparison between a Mediterranean City (Lecce, Italy) and a Northern European City (Lahti, Finland). Forests. 2020; 11(2): 228. doi: 10.3390/f11020228
82. Barwise Y, Kumar P. Designing vegetation barriers for urban air pollution abatement: A practical review for appropriate plant species selection. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 2020; 3(1). doi: 10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3
83. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Nexus between economic growth, energy use, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions: New evidence from Nepal. Energy Nexus. 2022; 7: 100113. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100113
84. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. The nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, agricultural land expansion, and carbon emissions: New insights from Peru. Energy Nexus. 2022; 6: 100067. doi: 10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100067
85. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. Role of economic growth, renewable energy, and technological innovation to achieve environmental sustainability in Kazakhstan. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. 2022; 4: 100165. doi: 10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100165
86. Raihan A, Tuspekova A. The role of renewable energy and technological innovations toward achieving Iceland’s goal of carbon neutrality by 2040. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy. 2023; 2(1): 22–37. doi: 10.56556/jtie.v2i1.421
87. Raihan A, Chandra Voumik L. Carbon emission reduction potential of renewable energy, remittance, and technological innovation: Empirical evidence from China. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy. 2022; 1(4): 25–36. doi: 10.56556/jtie.v1i4.398
88. Hewitt CN, Ashworth K, MacKenzie AR. Using green infrastructure to improve urban air quality (GI4AQ). Ambio. 2019; 49(1): 62–73. doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01164-3
89. Grote R. The impact of climate change will hit urban dwellers first – Can green infrastructure save us? Climanosco Research Articles. 2019; 2. doi: 10.37207/cra.2.2
90. Akter S, Voumik LC, Rahman MdH, et al. GDP, health expenditure, industrialization, education and environmental sustainability impact on child mortality: Evidence from G-7 countries. Sustainable Environment. 2023; 9(1). doi: 10.1080/27658511.2023.2269746
91. Isfat M, Raihan A. Current practices, challenges, and future directions of climate change adaptation in Bangladesh. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. 2022; 3(5): 3429–3437.
92. Raihan A, Farhana S, Muhtasim DA, et al. The nexus between carbon emission, energy use, and health expenditure: Empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Carbon Research. 2022; 1(1). doi: 10.1007/s44246-022-00030-4
93. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Ridwan M, et al. From growth to green: Navigating the complexities of economic development, energy sources, health spending, and carbon emissions in Malaysia. Energy Reports. 2023; 10: 4318–4331. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.10.084
94. Chen TM, Kuschner WG, Gokhale J, et al. Outdoor air pollution: Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2007; 333(4): 249–256. doi: 10.1097/maj.0b013e31803b900f
95. Manzini J, Hoshika Y, Carrari E, et al. FlorTree: A unifying modelling framework for estimating the species-specific pollution removal by individual trees and shrubs. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2023; 85: 127967. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127967
96. Grote R, Samson R, Alonso R, et al. Functional traits of urban trees: air pollution mitigation potential. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2016; 14(10): 543–550. doi: 10.1002/fee.1426
97. Romagnuolo L, Yang R, Frosina E, et al. Physical modeling of evaporative emission control system in gasoline fueled automobiles: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 116: 109462. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109462
98. Molina, Velasco, Retama, et al. Experience from integrated air quality management in the Mexico City metropolitan area and Singapore. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(9): 512. doi: 10.3390/atmos10090512
99. Midzi J, Jeffery DW, Baumann U, et al. Stress-induced volatile emissions and signalling in inter-plant communication. Plants. 2022; 11(19): 2566. doi: 10.3390/plants11192566
100. Boncan DAT, Tsang SSK, Li C, et al. Terpenes and terpenoids in plants: Interactions with environment and insects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(19): 7382. doi: 10.3390/ijms21197382
101. Tan Z, Lu K, Dong H, et al. Explicit diagnosis of the local ozone production rate and the ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivities. Science Bulletin. 2018; 63(16): 1067–1076. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2018.07.001
102. Ghirardo A, Xie J, Zheng X, et al. Urban stress-induced biogenic VOC emissions and SOA-forming potentials in Beijing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2016; 16(5): 2901–2920. doi: 10.5194/acp-16-2901-2016
103. Donovan RG, Stewart HE, Owen SM, et al. Development and application of an urban tree air quality score for photochemical pollution episodes using the Birmingham, United Kingdom, area as a case study. Environmental Science & Technology. 2005; 39(17): 6730–6738. doi: 10.1021/es050581y
104. Fitzky AC, Sandén H, Karl T, et al. The interplay between ozone and urban vegetation—BVOC emissions, ozone deposition, and tree ecophysiology. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 2019; 2. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2019.00050
105. Jami T, Karade SR, Singh LP. A review of the properties of hemp concrete for green building applications. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 239: 117852. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117852
106. Ow LF, Ghosh S. Urban cities and road traffic noise: Reduction through vegetation. Applied Acoustics. 2017; 120: 15–20. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.01.007
107. Mihalakakou G, Souliotis M, Papadaki M, et al. Green roofs as a nature-based solution for improving urban sustainability: Progress and perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2023; 180: 113306. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113306
108. Biocca M, Gallo P, Di Loreto G, et al. Noise attenuation provided by hedges. Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 2019; 50(3): 113–119. doi: 10.4081/jae.2019.889
109. Yan F, Shen J, Zhang W, et al. A review of the application of green walls in the acoustic field. Building Acoustics. 2022; 29(2): 295–313. doi: 10.1177/1351010x221096789
110. Van Renterghem T. Towards explaining the positive effect of vegetation on the perception of environmental noise. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 40: 133–144. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.007
111. Sand E, Konarska J, Howe AW, et al. Effects of ground surface permeability on the growth of urban linden trees. Urban Ecosystems. 2018; 21(4): 691–696. doi: 10.1007/s11252-018-0750-1
112. Raihan A, Pereira JJ, Begum RA, et al. The economic impact of water supply disruption from the Selangor River, Malaysia. Blue-Green Systems. 2023; 5(2): 102–120. doi: 10.2166/bgs.2023.031
113. Xiao Q, McPherson EG. Surface water storage capacity of twenty tree species in Davis, California. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2016; 45(1): 188–198. doi: 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0092
114. Berland A, Shiflett SA, Shuster WD, et al. The role of trees in urban stormwater management. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2017; 162: 167–177. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017
115. Gotsch SG, Draguljić D, Williams CJ. Evaluating the effectiveness of urban trees to mitigate storm water runoff via transpiration and stemflow. Urban Ecosystems. 2017; 21(1): 183–195. doi: 10.1007/s11252-017-0693-y
116. Nytch CJ, Meléndez-Ackerman EJ, Pérez ME, et al. Rainfall interception by six urban trees in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Urban Ecosystems. 2018; 22(1): 103–115. doi: 10.1007/s11252-018-0768-4
117. Asadian Y, Weiler M. A new approach in measuring rainfall interception by urban trees in coastal British Columbia. Water Quality Research Journal. 2009; 44(1): 16–25. doi: 10.2166/wqrj.2009.003
118. Papierowska E, Sikorska D, Szporak-Wasilewska S, et al. Leaf wettability and plant surface water storage for common wetland species of the Biebrza peatlands (northeast Poland). Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics. 2023; 71(2): 169–176. doi: 10.2478/johh-2023-0006
119. Dowtin AL, Cregg BC, Nowak DJ, et al. Towards optimized runoff reduction by urban tree cover: A review of key physical tree traits, site conditions, and management strategies. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2023; 239: 104849. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104849
120. Baptista MD, Livesley SJ, Parmehr EG, et al. Terrestrial laser scanning to predict canopy area metrics, water storage capacity, and throughfall redistribution in small trees. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(12): 1958. doi: 10.3390/rs10121958
121. Técher D, Berthier E. Supporting evidences for vegetation-enhanced stormwater infiltration in bioretention systems: A comprehensive review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023; 30(8): 19705–19724. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25333-w
122. Cui B, Wang X, Su Y, et al. Impacts of pavement on the growth and biomass of young pine, ash and maple trees. Trees. 2021; 35(6): 2019–2029. doi: 10.1007/s00468-021-02169-w
123. Zabret K. The influence of tree characteristics on rainfall interception. Acta Hydrotechnical. 2013; 26(45): 99–116.
124. Bartesaghi-Koc C, Osmond P, Peters A. Innovative use of spatial regression models to predict the effects of green infrastructure on land surface temperatures. Energy and Buildings. 2022; 254: 111564. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111564
125. Onishi A, Cao X, Ito T, et al. Evaluating the potential for urban heat-island mitigation by greening parking lots. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2010; 9(4): 323–332. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2010.06.002
126. Ulpiani G. On the linkage between urban heat island and urban pollution island: Three-decade literature review towards a conceptual framework. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 751: 141727. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141727
127. Marando F, Heris MP, Zulian G, et al. Urban heat island mitigation by green infrastructure in European functional urban areas. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2022; 77: 103564. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103564
128. Ramírez-Aguilar EA, Lucas Souza LC. Urban form and population density: Influences on urban heat island intensities in Bogotá, Colombia. Urban Climate. 2019; 29: 100497. doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100497
129. Yuan B, Zhou L, Dang X, et al. Separate and combined effects of 3D building features and urban green space on land surface temperature. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 295: 113116. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113116
130. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, et al. Toward environmental sustainability: Nexus between tourism, economic growth, energy use and carbon emissions in Singapore. Global Sustainability Research. 2022; 1(2): 53–65. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v1i2.408
131. Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Khan MNA, et al. Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, and technological innovation towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Cleaner Energy Systems. 2022; 3: 100032. doi: 10.1016/j.cles.2022.100032
132. Raihan A, Ibrahim S, Muhtasim DA. Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, tourism, and agricultural productivity on carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt. World Development Sustainability. 2023; 2: 100059. doi: 10.1016/j.wds.2023.100059
133. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Rahman MdH, et al. Unraveling the interplay between globalization, financial development, economic growth, greenhouse gases, human capital, and renewable energy uptake in Indonesia: Multiple econometric approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023; 30(56): 119117–119133. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30552-2
134. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Mohajan B, et al. Economy-energy-environment nexus: The potential of agricultural value-added toward achieving China’s dream of carbon neutrality. Carbon Research. 2023; 2(1). doi: 10.1007/s44246-023-00077-x
135. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Yusma N, et al. The nexus between international tourist arrivals and energy use towards sustainable tourism in Malaysia. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2023; 11: 575.
136. Raihan A, Himu HA. Global impact of COVID-19 on the sustainability of livestock production. Global Sustainability Research. 2023; 2(2): 1–11. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v2i2.447
137. Voumik LC, Islam MdJ, Raihan A. Electricity production sources and CO2 emission in OECD countries: Static and dynamic panel analysis. Global Sustainability Research. 2022; 1(2): 12–21. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v1i2.327
138. Raihan A. The influences of renewable energy, globalization, technological innovations, and forests on emission reduction in Colombia. Innovation and Green Development. 2023; 2(4): 100071. doi: 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100071
139. He BJ, Wang J, Zhu J, et al. Beating the urban heat: Situation, background, impacts and the way forward in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2022; 161: 112350. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112350
140. Broadbent AM, Coutts AM, Tapper NJ, et al. The cooling effect of irrigation on urban microclimate during heatwave conditions. Urban Climate. 2018; 23: 309–329. doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.002
141. Raihan A. An econometric evaluation of the effects of economic growth, energy use, and agricultural value added on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science. 2023; 7(3): 665–696. doi: 10.1007/s41685-023-00278-7
142. Raihan A. An econometric assessment of the relationship between meat consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. Environmental Processes. 2023; 10(2). doi: 10.1007/s40710-023-00650-x
143. Raihan A. Economic growth and carbon emission nexus: The function of tourism in Brazil. Journal of Economic Statistics. 2023; 1(2). doi: 10.58567/jes01020005
144. Raihan A. Economy-energy-environment nexus: The role of information and communication technology towards green development in Malaysia. Innovation and Green Development. 2023; 2(4): 100085. doi: 10.1016/j.igd.2023.100085
145. Raihan A. Nexus between economic growth, natural resources rents, trade globalization, financial development, and carbon emissions toward environmental sustainability in Uruguay. Electronic Journal of Education, Social Economics and Technology. 2023; 4(2): 55–65. doi: 10.33122/ejeset.v4i2.102
146. Raihan A. The influence of meat consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in Argentina. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances. 2023; 19: 200183. doi: 10.1016/j.rcradv.2023.200183
147. Raihan A. Nexus between economy, technology, and ecological footprint in China. Journal of Economy and Technology. 2023; 1: 94–107. doi: 10.1016/j.ject.2023.09.003
148. Raihan A. Energy, economy, and environment nexus: New evidence from China. Energy Technologies and Environment. 2023; 1(1). doi: 10.58567/ete01010004
149. Raihan A. The influence of tourism on the road to achieving carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability in Malaysia: The role of renewable energy. Sustainability Analytics and Modeling. 2024; 4: 100028. doi: 10.1016/j.samod.2023.100028
150. Raihan A. A comprehensive review of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in energy consumption and production. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy. 2023; 2(4): 1–26. doi: 10.56556/jtie.v2i4.608
151. Raihan A. Nexus between information technology and economic growth: new insights from India. Journal of Information Economics. 2023. doi: 10.58567/jie01020003
152. Raihan A. A concise review of technologies for converting forest biomass to bioenergy. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy. 2023; 2(3): 10–36. doi: 10.56556/jtie.v2i3.592
153. Raihan A. An overview of the energy segment of Indonesia: present situation, prospects, and forthcoming advancements in renewable energy technology. Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy. 2023; 2(3): 37–63. doi: 10.56556/jtie.v2i3.599
154. Raihan A. A review of tropical blue carbon ecosystems for climate change mitigation. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2023; 2(4): 14–36. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v2i4.602
155. Asif Raihan. A comprehensive review of the recent advancement in integrating deep learning with geographic information systems. Research Briefs on Information and Communication Technology Evolution. 2023; 9: 98–115. doi: 10.56801/rebicte.v9i.160
156. Raihan A. An overview of the implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in sixth generation (6G) communication network. Research Briefs on Information and Communication Technology Evolution. 2023; 9: 120–146.
157. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Nafi SMd, et al. How tourism affects women’s employment in Asian countries: An application of GMM and quantile regression. Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies. 2022; 1(4): 57–72. doi: 10.56556/jssms.v1i4.335
158. Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, et al. Relationship between economic growth, renewable energy use, technological innovation, and carbon emission toward achieving Malaysia’s Paris agreement. Environment Systems and Decisions. 2022; 42(4): 586–607. doi: 10.1007/s10669-022-09848-0
159. Himu HA, Raihan A. A review of the effects of intensive poultry production on the environment and human health. Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. 2023; 11(2): 203.
160. Celuppi MC, Meirelles CRM, Cymrot R, et al. The impact of green spaces on the perception and well-being of the academic population in face of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Amazon and Southeast Brazil. Cities. 2023; 141: 104503. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104503
161. Zhu S, Yang Y, Yan Y, et al. An evidence-based framework for designing urban green infrastructure morphology to reduce urban building energy use in a hot-humid climate. Building and Environment. 2022; 219: 109181. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109181
162. Hami A, Abdi B, Zarehaghi D, et al. Assessing the thermal comfort effects of green spaces: A systematic review of methods, parameters, and plants’ attributes. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 49: 101634. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101634
163. Priya UK, Senthil R. A review of the impact of the green landscape interventions on the urban microclimate of tropical areas. Building and Environment. 2021; 205: 108190. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108190
164. Liu Z, Brown RD, Zheng S, et al. An in-depth analysis of the effect of trees on human energy fluxes. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2020; 50: 126646. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126646
165. He BJ. Towards the next generation of green building for urban heat island mitigation: Zero UHI impact building. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2019; 50: 101647. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101647
166. Loughner CP, Allen DJ, Zhang DL, et al. Roles of urban tree canopy and buildings in urban heat island effects: Parameterization and preliminary results. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 2012; 51(10): 1775–1793. doi: 10.1175/jamc-d-11-0228.1
167. Hsieh CM, Li JJ, Zhang L, et al. Effects of tree shading and transpiration on building cooling energy use. Energy and Buildings. 2018; 159: 382–397. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.045
168. Irfeey AMM, Chau HW, Sumaiya MMF, et al. Sustainable mitigation strategies for urban heat island effects in urban areas. Sustainability. 2023; 15(14): 10767. doi: 10.3390/su151410767
169. Zhang Z, Lv Y, Pan H. Cooling and humidifying effect of plant communities in subtropical urban parks. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2013; 12(3): 323–329. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.03.010
170. Hsu A, Sheriff G, Chakraborty T, et al. Disproportionate exposure to urban heat island intensity across major US cities. Nature Communications. 2021; 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22799-5
171. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Esquivias MA, et al. Energy trails of tourism: Analyzing the relationship between tourist arrivals and energy consumption in Malaysia. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites. 2023; 51: 1786–1795. doi: 10.30892/gtg.514spl19-1174
172. Raihan A, Ridwan M, Tanchangya T, et al. Environmental effects of China’s nuclear energy within the framework of environmental Kuznets curve and pollution haven hypothesis. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics. 2023; 2(1): 1–12. doi: 10.56946/jeee.v2i1.346
173. Ridwan M, Raihan A, Ahmad S, et al. Environmental sustainability in France: The role of alternative and nuclear energy, natural resources, and government spending. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics. 2023; 2(2): 1–16.
174. Raihan A, Tanchangya T, Rahman J, et al. The influence of agriculture, renewable energy, international trade, and economic growth on India’s environmental sustainability. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics. 2024; 3(1): 37–53.
175. Raihan A, Zimon G, Alam MM, et al. Nexus between nuclear energy, economic growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in India. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 2024; 14(2): 172–182. doi: 10.32479/ijeep.15347
176. Raihan A, Voumik LC, Akter S, et al. Taking flight: Exploring the relationship between air transport and Malaysian economic growth. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2024; 115: 102540. doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102540
177. Raihan A, Bari ABMM. Energy-economy-environment nexus in China: The role of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality. Innovation and Green Development. 2024; 3(3): 100139. doi: 10.1016/j.igd.2024.100139
178. Raihan A. A review of the digitalization of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) toward sustainability. Global Sustainability Research. 2024; 3(2): 1–16. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v3i2.695
179. Raihan A. A systematic review of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in agriculture for evidence-based decision making and sustainability. Global Sustainability Research. 2024; 3(1): 1–24. doi: 10.56556/gssr.v3i1.636
180. Raihan A. Energy, economy, financial development, and ecological footprint in Singapore. Energy Economics Letters. 2024; 11(1): 29–40. doi: 10.55493/5049.v11i1.5027
181. Raihan A. Influences of foreign direct investment and carbon emission on economic growth in Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics. 2024; 3(1): 1–17. doi: 10.56556/jescae.v3i1.670
182. Raihan A. The interrelationship amid carbon emissions, tourism, economy, and energy use in Brazil. Carbon Research. 2024; 3: 11. doi: 10.1007/s44246-023-00084-y
183. Raihan A. Artificial intelligence and machine learning applications in forest management and biodiversity conservation. Natural Resources Conservation and Research. 2023; 6(2): 3825. doi: 10.24294/nrcr.v6i2.3825
184. Raihan A. A review of agroforestry as a sustainable and resilient agriculture. Journal of Agriculture Sustainability and Environment. 2023; 2(1): 35–58.
185. Sultana T, Hossain MS, Voumik LC, et al. Does globalization escalate the carbon emissions? Empirical evidence from selected next-11 countries. Energy Reports. 2023; 10: 86–98. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.06.020
186. Jubair ANM, Rahman MS, Sarmin IJ, et al. Tree diversity and regeneration dynamics toward forest conservation and environmental sustainability: A case study from Nawabganj Sal Forest, Bangladesh. Journal of Agriculture Sustainability and Environment. 2023; 2(2): 1–22.
187. Debnath B, Taha MR, Siraj MT, et al. A grey approach to assess the challenges to adopting sustainable production practices in the apparel manufacturing industry: Implications for sustainability. Results in Engineering. 2024; 22: 102006. doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102006
188. Sultana T, Hossain MS, Voumik LC, et al. Democracy, green energy, trade, and environmental progress in South Asia: Advanced quantile regression perspective. Heliyon. 2023; 9(10): e20488. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20488