Arid Zone Phytochemicals as a Source of Novel Antimicrobials: Synergistic Effects with Nanotechnology in Antibiotic Resistance Microbes

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most critical global health challenges, exacerbated by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare. Resistant bacterial strains pose a greater threat to human health than cancer. This crisis has prompted an urgent search for novel antimicrobial agents, particularly those derived from natural sources. This review explores the potential of arid zone plants as promising sources of new antimicrobial agents. They contain different types of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids with potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds target through a variety of mechanisms, such as disrupting bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting protein synthesis, and inhibiting DNA replication to effectively inhibit or kill the microbes, offering alternative therapeutic pathways. Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology with phytochemicals enhances the therapeutic potential of nano-phytochemicals by improving bioavailability, controlled release, and enabling site-specific delivery. This innovative approach offers a promising strategy for combating multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and overcoming biofilm-associated infections. However, challenges related to nanoparticle toxicity, biocompatibility, and regulatory hurdles persist. In this review, we discuss how an interdisciplinary approach to developing arid zone plant-based nanopharmaceuticals can offer an effective and sustainable solution to the escalating threat of MDR pathogens, thereby supporting global public health.