Amelioration of Organophosphate Poisoning Using Red Blood Cell Membrane-Cloaked Oil Nano-Sponge

Abstract

Background: Organophosphate poisoning poses a significant health burden due to the absence of specific pharmacological antidotes. To address this issue, we explored the potential of nanoparticles for organophosphate detoxification, focusing on biomimetic nanoparticles with natural cell membrane coatings. Methods: We developed membrane-cloaked oil nano-sponges by combining red blood cell (RBC) membranes and oil to create a dual-model detoxification system for organophosphates. The oil component non-specifically absorbed organophosphate poisons, while the membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase enzyme is specifically bound to the toxic molecules, preserving intrinsic acetylcholinesterase function. We evaluated the detoxification capacity of this system using chlorpyrifos as a model insecticide in a rabbit model. Results: The prepared oil nano-sponge exhibited potent antidote capabilities against organophosphate poisoning and demonstrated efficacy in poisoning prevention. The safety evaluation revealed no adverse effects on the gross appearance or histopathological sections of the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and heart. Conclusions: In summary, our novel membrane-cloaked oil nano-sponge proved to be a safe and effective antidote for organophosphate poisoning in rabbits. These findings have the potential for extrapolation to other species, offering a promising solution to mitigate inadvertent organophosphate poisoning.