An Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation

Abstract

A variety of events, including infection, traumatic brain damage, neurodegenerative illnesses, and autoimmune disorders, can cause neuroinflammation, a complicated biological reaction in the central nervous system. Glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are activated as part of this complex event, which also results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. In this review, the role of microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation, as well as the important neuroinflammatory factors including their pathways, and positive and negative aspects of neuroinflammation are discussed. It was earlier documented that microglial cells and astrocytes play a notable role in immune and inflammatory diseases. Various pro-apoptotic pathways like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cytokines, cyclooxygenases, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are responsible for the induction of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation may also lead to many neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinsons disease. It has also been reported that inflammasomes and multi-protein oligomers are also responsible for neuroinflammation.