Recent Updates on Modifiable Risk Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a composite neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a broad range of symptoms and varying severity. Although the exact cause of ASD remains unknown, new research has identified modifiable risk factors that may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. A combination of environmental and genetic variables influences the risk of ASD. Recent studies suggest that prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants, such as air pollution and certain pesticides, may increase the incidence of ASD. Additionally, maternal health during pregnancy, including obesity and gestational diabetes, has been identified as a modifiable risk factor. Furthermore, ongoing investigations explore probiotics and dietary modifications as potential means to alter these risk factors. There is also increasing attention given to the role of immunological dysregulation and inflammation in ASD. Studies have linked pregnant women with autoimmune diseases or infections to a higher incidence of ASD. Potential preventative interventions being explored include immunomodulatory methods. In summary, recent studies have identified modifiable risk factors contributing to the pathophysiology of ASD, offering the potential for early intervention and prevention. Reducing the prevalence of ASD may require a multimodal strategy addressing immune system regulation, maternal health, and environmental exposures. Further investigation is needed to translate these discoveries into practical therapeutic approaches.