Natural Monomers with Anti-Diabetic Activity: A Review of Their Types, Effects and Mechanisms

Abstract

Diabetes poses a significant global threat to human health and life, emphasizing the crucial role of glycemic control in mitigating complications and mortality associated with the condition. While chemotherapeutic drugs effectively manage diabetes, their adverse effects have profound implications on the health and overall quality of life of the patients. In contrast, specific natural monomers have demonstrated promising anti-diabetic properties. This review highlights recent advancements in understanding the anti-diabetic effects of six groups of natural monomers, including alkaloids, plant polysaccharides, flavonoids, quinones, saponins, and terpenoids. The review synthesizes the latest research findings on the anti-diabetic potential of these natural monomers, elucidating their mechanisms of action. These mechanisms include the enhancement of insulin secretion, modulation of the expression of proteins involved in the signaling pathway, and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Exploring these natural monomers contributes to the current understanding of anti-diabetic agents and holds promise for developing of novel drugs for managing diabetes.