Oxidative Stress in the Early Neonatal Period as a Possible Effect of BMI, Smoking Habits, and Level of Urbanization of the Mother

Abstract

Introduction: Oxidative stress (OS) can play a negative role in perinatal outcomes, but the underlying pathophysiology remains mostly unknown. This is a cross sectional study aiming to evaluate how the living environment, combined with some important maternal risk factors (i.e., smoke, overweight), could influence OS and inflammation markers during pregnancy and in newborns. Methods: Mothers and newborns were recruited at the Sant’Anna Gynecological Hospital (Turin, Italy). Environmental and lifestyle information was obtained through a standardized questionnaire (PRAMS). OS and inflammation markers (Isoprostane, IL (interleukin)-1, and IL-6) were analyzed in urine samples. Results: Overall, 126 mother-newborn couples were recruited. Oxidative stress and inflammation levels of mothers and infants have been shown to be significantly associated with each other (Spearman p < 0.01). Active and passive tobacco smoke during pregnancy (Spearman p < 0.01 and < 0.02, respectively), traffic exposure (Spearman p < 0.02), and higher BMI (body mass index) (Spearman p < 0.05) shown a positive role in this relationship. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that neonatal OS and inflammation are positively influenced by the three maternal risk factors analyzed: Tobacco smoke exposure, high urbanization levels, and high BMI. Further analysis are mandatory to better understand the biological mechanisms underlying such relationships. Nevertheless, correct management and monitoring of these factors must be considered by preventive Public Health strategies, to improve maternal and neonatal health and outcomes.