Anti-Inflammatory and Biofilm Inhibition Potential of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Elettaria Cardamomum and Cichorium Intybus

Abstract

Background: Biofilms are the microbial population that causes recurring and chronic infections and are extremely resistant to available antibiotics and host immune systems. The current research aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm and anti-inflammatory potential of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Elettaria cardamomum and Cichorium intybus. Methods: Antibiofilm and antibacterial activities of both the plant extracts were evaluated against potential human pathogens i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida and Escherichia coli. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant, thrombolytic, hemolytic, anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities were also performed. Results and Conclusions: Methanolic extract of E. cardamomum (MEE) showed highest antibacterial activities with MIC values of 0.53 mg/mL, 0.71 mg/mL and 0.60 mg/mL along with biofilm inhibition of 40.45%, 55.92%, 52.32% against E. coli, S. aureus and P. multocida. In vitro antioxidant activity results evidenced that both the methanolic extracts of E. cardamomum and C. intybus have a significant amount of Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) with antioxidant potential. Methanolic extract of E. cardamomum (MEE) exhibited the highest 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition and reducing power capability with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 8.65 and 41.87%, respectively. Further, aqueous and methanolic extracts of both plants showed the least cytotoxicity towards human red blood cells (RBCs). Similarly, methanolic extract of E. cardamomum exhibited highest anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential with 81.65%, 89.09% and 90.65% denaturation of protein, anti-proteinase activity and membrane stabilization against standard Diclofenac sodium, respectively.