About This Journal

Biochemistry Applications (B-A) is a comprehensive, high-quality international open-access journal that brings together multi-industry features of biochemistry technology and application. The journal provides a good communication platform for scholars and experts from various industries, and we welcome the submissions of original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, etc. Topics include but are not limited to: molecular biology molecular basis of biological processes structural biology gene and protein synthetic biology membrane function drugs and pharmaceutics cell biology theoretical biochemistry advances in imaging techniques and data analysis

Focus and Scope

For Authors

• Editorial Policies

  Authors must avoid academic misconduct including plagiarism, ensure the manuscripts are written in accordance to the “Author Guidelines”, and comply with publishing ethics.

  All the manuscripts submitted will be screened for the language, novelty and relevance to the scope of the Journal. The manuscripts will be treated as confidential materials, and all the participants will not be disclosed to anyone except editorial staff, reviewers and editors.

  A manuscript would not be accepted if it has been published or is currently under consideration for publication in any other journals. The author will need to notify the editorial team if the data in their submission has been presented in conferences or preprint.

  Before submitting, please read the editorial policies, including Open Access Policy, Publishing Ethics, Conflict of Interest, Plagiarism, Preprint Policy, Erratum, Retraction & Withdrawal Policy, Authorship, APCs.

• Publishing Ethics

  Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. follows the rules, regulations and best practices set by:

  • Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
  • The Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing as stipulated by Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) 

  Experiments should be carried out in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the International Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), ICMR, or local Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and in accordance with local laws and regulations. All studies using human or animal subjects should include an explicit statement identifying the review and ethics committee approval for each study, if applicable. An informed consent should be obtained for all clinical treatment where disclosure is required regarding medical information that includes discussion on the risks, benefits, and alternatives.

  The Editorial Office adopts a zero-tolerance policy concerning any misconducts, including plagiarism, citation manipulation, and data falsification/fabrication, among others. The journal editors take all possible misconducts seriously. The editors, authors or readers can forward their concerns to the Journal if they find out that the description in a submitted article may constitute an academic fraud, research misconduct or publication malpractice. The complainant could direct all correspondence to editorial-ba@apacsci.com. The Editorial Office will deal with it according to the procedure set out in the COPE.

• Ethical Oversight

  BA always follows the Ethical Oversight policy of COPE, and monitors every stage of the completion of best practice followed by the Core Practice and the ethical problem of COPE. All academic misconduct is strictly prohibited. If there is any potential for, including but not limited to academic fraud, plagiarism, and multiple contributions, the manuscript will not be assigned to the next stage for evaluation, and authors are responsible for explaining doubts to the Editorial Office. WT promises that all the submissions are private, and they will not be disclosed to third parties unless the publishing purposes. Authors, editors, and reviewers should expose any potential conflict of interest timely according to the Conflict of Interest Policy.

  For subjects involving humans or animals, WT asks authors to be deeply concerned the privacy and welfare of the subjects based on the policy of Statement of Human and Animal Rights. Authors should provide the approval from the institutional ethical regulator or committee. All the information of the subjects is private, and authors should hide the identifiable information such as face picture, name, and fingerprint picture. Most importantly, Informed Content Statement from all the research subjects should be obtained, and authors need to inform the subjects that this research will be published in future. For the vulnerable, it is necessary to obtain oral or written Informed Content Statement from their parent of kinship.

• Section Collection Policy

  The Section Collection program has been driven by Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. for a new chance to run an open access journal. This program aims to collect multidisciplinary topics, and concentrate authors from diverse research fields to focus on a special theme. It is great attempt to develop new ideas and applications. Section editorial team is composed of many scientists whose research fields covering various interests. They all supervise the implementation of the program, and the editorial process must comply with editorial policies of the journal.

  A Section Collection is usually launched by an expert with great trust among peers and invited by the Editorial Office, or scholars could apply a section collection. Section Editors are representatives focusing on a theme from multidisciplinary topics. They have different research background, and gather to initiate new ideas and collaborations. Great responsibilities of Section Editors include:

  • Preparing the title, summary, keywords, submission deadline, etc.
  • Preparing a potential contributors’ list.
  • Suspecting and contributing to the editorial progress , including but not limited to the initial screening, peer-reviewed process, and final decision making.

   

  Workflow of Section Collection

  Section Editors are invited to prepare the summary of Section Collections, and advert the project. New manuscripts should be submitted via the open journal system, and then Section Collection Editors will evaluate the research field and the integrality of the manuscripts. Assistant Editors will screen the originality by iThenticate. Any manuscript with potential misconduct must be prevented to the next stage. The Editorial Office will pass it for the double-blind peer-reviewed process for further review comments with no less than two reviewers. The Section Collection Editors have the responsibility to supervise the rigor and scientificity of the whole process. All the comments are collected to Section Editors, who will make the final decision on the manuscript such as acceptance, revision, or rejection. Accepted manuscripts will go through the production stage. Meanwhile, authors will get the article accepted notification. Published papers will be archived in the current issue of the journal, and also collected on the Section Collections page.

• Authorship

  According to the ICMJE, authors should meet the following three points at the same time:

  • have made substantial contributions to the conception, design, acquisition and analysis of data;
  • have made intellectual contribution to writing the manuscript or revising it;
  • provide final approval of the version to be published.

  All authors must read and approve the final version of the manuscript. All authors have the right to explain the questions raised, and agree the author rank before publishing.

  Changes to Authorship

  The Editorial Office considers the authorship list is definitive by the time the original submission is received.

  Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names should be made only before the manuscript is accepted for publication. The corresponding author should provide the reasons for the change in the authorship list and the proof of written confirmation from all authors (including the existing authors, author(s) to be added and/or removed) agreeing with such changes.

  The requests for authorship changes need to be approved by the Editorial Office before any changes can be made.

• Conflict of Interest

  During the peer-review process, authors, editors and reviewers all should avoid any potential or actual conflict of interest. It is to be noted that even perceptions of conflicts of interest are as important as the actual conflicts of interest.

  • For authors: authors must declare any potential conflict of interest in related to the research when submitting the manuscript, including academic competition, and financial benefits, especially the agreement with research sponsors, that could make some influence on your study results. The avoidance list from the author(s) is welcome.
  • For editors: editors should assess their own potential conflicts, that they must not be one of the co-authors or at the some organization with one of the authors, nor any potential conflict of interest related to the research; otherwise, they should avoid participating in the whole peer-review process.
  • For reviewers: reviewers should avoid relationship with any author, e.g. work at the some organization with one of the authors, being one of the co-authors. If they feel unable to be objective, they must declare potential interest, and decline to review the manuscript. If the reviewers are on the list of avoidance list from the author(s), and they will not be invited to be a reviewer.

• Plagiarism

  Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. is a member of Crossref. All submissions are screened by iThenticate. Any plagiarism (fabrication or falsification of data) is unacceptable, including duplicate publication without proper citations.

  The Publisher will follow the flowcharts of COPE to handle cases of potential plagiarism in a submitted manuscript or a published article. All the authors and their institutions will be informed about the case.

  Any complaint about reviewer suspected to have appropriated an author’s ideas or data, the journal office will investigate, and react according to the procedure set out in COPE's guidance as a flowchart.

• Erratum, Retraction & Withdrawal policy

  Erratum

  Editors, authors and readers, whoever find a correction is required in the publication, please feel free to contact editorial-ba@apacsci.com. Please clearly state the content needing to be changed. Please also send the article title, DOI, and page number to us. Upon approving by the Editorial Office, an erratum will be published in the current issue.

  Retraction

  The journal considers retracting the publication including but are not limited to:

  • Editors have clear evidence that the result is unreliable, there is a tendency of misconduct, or evident calculation error, etc.
  • It reports unethical research including plagiarism.

  The journal will post a notice of retraction by clearly identified as a retraction with the reason(s), and link to the retracted article wherever possible to minimize harmful effects.

  WT abides by Retraction Guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Please note that APC will not be refunded due to the retraction of an article.

  Withdrawal

  This journal does not support withdrawal of publication considering that it may be suspected of academic misconduct. If the author can provide reasonable application to the Editorial Office after the manuscript has been accepted (but not yet published), and once the Editorial Office has agreed it, then the processing fee of USD 200 is chargeable upon withdrawal. Authors are advised to keep in mind that an article should only be withdrawn if the authors detect significant errors or flaws, as it is not an acceptable practice to withdraw an article after it has been sent for peer review. Once the approval of submission withdrawal is granted, the submission will be removed from the Journal’s online submission system, and a confirmation email of submission withdrawal will be sent to the authors. The withdrawal process is considered to be complete once the author receives a confirmation of withdrawal from the Journal Editorial Office.

• Language

  The language used in manuscripts submitted to this Journal is required to be English. Authors from non-English speaking countries may have their manuscripts professionally edited before submission to ensure the article content is fully understood by readers.

• Copyright

  Authors retain the copyright, and they agree to make their original work completely available and free to be used, copied, downloaded, distributed and reused as long as the original source is properly cited. Authors should declare that there is no any academic misconduct, and will grant the right of first publication by signing a License for Publishing before formal publication.

• License

  Papers will be published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) by default. The Journal displays licensing information in its articles.

  According to this license, users are free to:

  • Share: copy and redistribute the material;
  • Adapt: transform, reuse, remix and build upon the material;
  • Attribute: distribute the material on the premise of the correct original citation.

• Preprint Policy

  Authors are permitted to post their original research manuscripts without peer-review to preprint servers before submitting to our journal. But authors are not allowed to post any versions of articles that have been revised on the preprint server during or after the peer-review process.

  The manuscript whose corresponding preprint version has been indexed (e.g. in MEDLINE or PubMed) will not be considered.

  We encourage formal citation of preprints in the reference list if appropriate.

• Permissions and Reprints

  The authors reserve the copyright. Papers will be published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) by default. It is free to use, copy, download, distribute and reuse the work as long as the original source is properly cited. All the publications could be explored to the e-version; if you’d like to discuss in more detail how our content could work with your marketing strategy, please contact editorial-ba@apacsci.com.

• Statement of Informed Consent

  All papers submitted to Biochemistry Applications should declare that they have obtain the "statement of informed consent" written or oral during submitting. Any paper lacking it will not be considered for publication.

  Patients have a right to privacy that should not be infringed without informed consent. Nonessential identifying details should be omitted. All information which could contribute to identify patients, including patients' names, initials, or hospital numbers, should not be published in written descriptions, photographs, etc., unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian) gives explicit written or oral informed consent for publication. If identifying characteristics are de-identified, authors should provide assurance that alterations do not distort scientific meaning, and editors will note that. Furthermore, individuals who provide writing assistance should be identified by the authors, and they should disclose the funding source for this assistance.

• Statement of Human and Animal Rights

  All papers submitted to Biochemistry Applications should declare agreement with the following "statement of human and animal rights". Any paper lacking it will not be considered for publication. Papers describing procedures involving humans or animals must include an explicit and easily identifiable statement pointing out that the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 and 2008. If any doubt exists as to whether the research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, the authors must explain the rationale for their approach, and then demonstrate that the institutional ethical committee explicitly approved the doubtful aspects of the study.

  When reporting experiments on animals, authors should be asked to indicate whether the institutional and national guide for the care and use of laboratory animals was followed.

• Indexing & Archiving

  Biochemistry Applications (BA) has been indexed by several world-class abstracting/indexing databases:

     Google Scholar

     Scilit

     EuroPub

  • All the publications will be archived by Portico.
  • Authors are encouraged to self-archive the final version of their published articles into institutional repositories (such as those listed in the Directory of Open Access Repositories).

  Authors are also encouraged to use the final PDF version published on the website of Academic Publisher especially on personal academic media.

• Article Processing Charges (APCs)

  Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. publishes all its journals in Gold Open Access format. In order to defray our editorial and production costs, authors of the accepted articles are required to pay an article processing charge (APC) of USD 800. The charges will come from authors' institutes or research funding bodies.

• Waiver Policy

  The Journal develops a waiver policy for authors from low-income countries. Please contact editorial-ba@apacsci.com for application. WT reserves the right to approve or reject a waiver application.

• Declaimer

  This journal  is not liable to the statements, perspectives, and opinions contained in the published articles. The appearance of advertisements in the journal shall not be construed as a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised and/or the safety thereof. This Journal and the Publisher disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas or products referred to in the articles or advertisements.

  As an author, once submitting a manuscript, it means that you have been aware of all publishing policies & ethics,  and will strictly abide by them.

  As a reviewer, once reviewing a manuscript, it means that you must be aware of the peer review policies, and proactively disclose of all potential conflicts of interest, and guarantee that the article will be judged fairly and objectively. 

   

• Advertising Policy

  All advertising policies are independent of editorial decisions. Advertisements must comply with the regulations of the local country. For more inquiries, please get in touch via editorial-ba@apacsci.com.

• Author Guidelines

  Author Guidelines

  Please carefully check that your manuscript has been prepared in accordance to the step-by-step instructions provided before submitted to our online submission system. This following guide and new manuscript template is updated and prepared specifically for people who is going to contribute or edit the manuscripts that will be published in Biochemistry Applications (BA) since 2023.

  Manuscript Format

  Your manuscript should be in MS Word format. All manuscripts must be written in clear, comprehensible English. Both British and American English are accepted. Usage of non-English words should be kept to a minimum and all must be italicized with the exception of "e.g.", "i.e." and "etc." If you have concerns about the level of English in your submission, please ensure that it is proofread before submission by a native English speaker or a scientific editing service. Please chose suitable article type according to Section Policy.

  Cover Letter

  All submissions should include a cover letter as a separate file. A cover letter should contain a brief explanation of what was previously known, the conceptual advancement with the findings and its significance to a broad readership. The cover letter is confidential and will be read only by the editors. It will not be seen by reviewers.

  Title

  The title should capture the conceptual significance for a broad audience. The title should not be more than 50 words and should be able to give readers an overall view of the paper's significance. Titles should avoid using uncommon jargons, abbreviations and punctuation.

  List of Authors

  The names of authors must be spelled out rather than set in initials along with their affiliations. Authors should be listed according to the extent of their contribution, with the major contributor listed first. All corresponding authors should be identified with an asterisk. Affiliations should contain the following core information: department, institution, city, country. For contact purposes, email address of at least one corresponding author must be included. Please note that all authors must see and approve the final version of the manuscript before submitting. Please confirm the authorship according to Authorship Policy.

  Abstract

  Articles must include an abstract containing a maximum of 300 words. The purpose of the abstract is to provide sufficient information for a reader to determine whether to proceed to the full text of the article. After the abstract, please provide 3-8 key words, avoiding the same words already used in the title.

  Text

  The text of the manuscript should be in Microsoft Word. Research article should include the Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion (optional). The length of the manuscript should be a minimum word count of 4,000 words.

  Section Headings

  Headings are used to indicate the hierarchy of sections of text. No more than four levels of displayed headings are employed. Please number the section headings (e.g. 1., 2., 3., 4.) in boldface. Likewise, use boldface to identify subheadings too, but please distinguish it from major headings using numbers (e.g. 1.1., 1.2., 2.1., 2.2.) Further subsections of subheadings should be differentiated with the numbers 1.1.1., 1.1.2., 2.1.1., 2.1.2., etc.

  Introduction

  The introduction should provide a background that gives the broad readership an overall outlook of the field and the research performed. It pinpoints a problem and states its importance regarding the significance of the study. The introduction can conclude with a brief statement of the aim of the work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved.

  Materials and Methods

  This section provides the general experimental design and methodologies used. The aim is to provide enough details for other investigators to fully replicate your results. It is also required to facilitate better understanding of the results obtained. Protocols and procedures for new methods must be included in detail to reproduce the experiments.

  Results

  This section can be divided into subheadings. This section focuses on the results of the experiments performed.

  Discussion

  This section should provide the significance of the results and identify the impact of the research in a broader context. It should not be redundant or similar to the content of the results section.

  Conclusion (Optional)

  Please use the conclusion section for interpretation only, and not to summarize information already presented in the text or abstract.

  The sequence of back matter elements in an article is listed below. There is no numeral label for back matter headings. Some is optional.

  Supplementary materials (Optional)

  The “Supplementary materials” section should be a short description of the supplementary materials. The detailed information can be formatted in one or more individual supplementary files. These materials are relevant to the manuscript but remain non-essential to readers' understanding of the manuscript's main content. All supplementary information should be submitted as a separate file in Step 4 during submission. Please ensure the names of such files contain 'suppl. info'. Videos may be included in this section.

  Author contributions

  For research articles, if there is only one author for a paper, you do not need to add author contributions. If there is more than one author, authors are asked to prepare a short, one paragraph statement giving the individual contribution of each co‐author to the reported research and the writing of the paper. For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided.

  The following statements should be used “Conceptualization, XX and YY; methodology, XX; software, XX; validation, XX, YY and ZZ; formal analysis, XX; investigation, XX; resources, XX; data curation, XX; writing—original draft preparation, XX; writing—review and editing, XX; visualization, XX; supervision, XX; project administration, XX; funding acquisition, YY. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”

  Funding

  Financial support in preparation of the publication is included at the end of the article, which is NOT mandatory. If authors provided, they should be in the same style as the template,

  e.g.,

  Please add: “This research received no external funding” or “This research was funded by [name of funder] grant number [xxx]” and “The APC was funded by [XXX]”. Check carefully that the details given are accurate and use the standard spelling of funding agency names at https://search.crossref.org/funding, any errors may affect your future funding.

  Acknowledgments (Optional)

  Acknowledgments of the publication are included at the end of the article, and are NOT mandatory. Keep them as the authors have provided.

  Conflict of interest

  All authors are required to declare all activities that have the potential to be deemed as a source of competing interest in relations to their submitted manuscript. Examples of such activities could include personal or work-related relationships, events, etc. Authors who have nothing to declare are encouraged to add "No conflict of interest was reported by all authors" in this section. Please comply with the Conflict of Interest policy.

  Figures

  Authors should include all figures into the manuscript and submit it as one file in the OJS system. Figures include photographs, scanned images, graphs, charts and schematic diagrams. Figures submitted should avoid unnecessary decorative effects (e.g. 3D graphs) as well as be minimally processed (e.g. changes in brightness and contrast applied uniformly for the entire figure). Please remember to label all figures (e.g. axis.) and number them (e.g. Figure 1, Figure 2.) in boldface. The caption should describe the entire figure without citing specific panels, followed by a legend defined as description of each panel.

  The preferred file formats for any separately submitted figure(s) are PNG or JPEG. All figures should be legible in print form and of optimal resolution. Although there are no file size limitation imposed, authors are highly encouraged to compress their figures to an ideal size without unduly affecting legibility and resolution of figures. This will also speed up the process of uploading in the submission system if necessary.

  In the main text, all figures should be cited in the following formats:

  Figure 1 Figures 3 and 4 Figures 1, 3 and 4 Figures 1–3	Figure 1a,b Figure 1a–c Figure 9a or Figure 9c Figure 9a or Figure 10c Figure 2(a1) Figure 2(a1,b2)
  Figure 1 Left or Figure 1 Right (not recommended)
  If “respectively” is after the citations of figures or tables, like “Figures 2a, 3a, 4a and 2b, 3b, 4b, respectively”, just keep them as in their provided form.

  The figure or table is usually put after its first appearance, but it can be adjusted depending on the blank space.

  The Editor-in-Chief and Publisher reserve the right to request from author(s) the high-resolution files and unprocessed data and metadata files should the need arise at any point after manuscript submission for reasons such as production, evaluation or other purposes. The file name should allow for ease in identifying the associated manuscript submitted.

  Tables, Lists and Equations

  Tables should be prepared in MS Word/Excel table format, not inserted as images. Very large tables can be placed in the Supplementary Material. The tables should include a title at the top. Titles and footnotes/legends should be concise. These must be submitted together with the manuscript. Likewise, lists and equations should be properly aligned and its meaning clear to readers.

  In the main text, tables should be cited in the following formats:

  Table 1	Tables 3 and 4
  Tables 1, 3, and 4	Tables 1–3

  If there are subtables (a) or (b), please combine them into one table, and use the format of Table 1a,b in the main text.

   

  In-text Citations

  List and number all bibliographical references that make an important contribution to the paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets, for example: 

  • Negotiation research spans many disciplines^[3,4].
  • This effect has been widely studied^[1-5,7].

  References

  This section is compulsory and should be placed at the end of all manuscripts. Do not use footnotes or endnotes as a substitute for a reference list. The list of references should only include works that are cited in the text and that have been published or accepted for publication. Personal communications and unpublished works should be excluded from this section.

  Journal

  Journal article in English

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM, Author 3 FM, et al. Title of the article. Journal Name Year; Volume(Issue) (if available): Firstpage–Lastpage. doi (if available)

  • e.g., Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, et al. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Archives of Neurology 2005; 62(1): 112–116. doi: 10.1001/archneur.62.1.112

  Journal article in a language other than English

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM, Author 3 FM, et al. English title of the article (language). Journal Name Year; Volume(Issue) (if available): Firstpage–Lastpage. doi (if available)

  • e.g., Massone L, Borghi S, Pestarino A. Purpuric palmarsites of dermatitis herpetiformis (French). Annual Dermatol Venerol 1987; 114(12): 1545–1547.

   

  Book

  Book without editors

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM. Chapter (optional). In: Title of the Book, Edition (if available). Publisher; Year. pp. Page range (optional).

  • e.g., Cerdá C. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Non‐communicable Diseases—Molecular Mechanisms and Perspectives in Therapeutics. Springer International Publishing; 2014.
  • e.g., Desiraju GR, Steiner T. The Weak Hydrogen Bond in Structural Chemistry and Biology, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 1999. pp. 10–25.

  Book with editors

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM. Title of the contribution. In: Editor 1 FM, Editor 2 FM (editors). Title of the Book, Edition (if available). Publisher; Year. Volume (optional), pp. Page range (optional).

  • e.g., Almlof J, Gropen O. Relativistic effects in chemistry. In: Lipkowitz KB, Boyd DB (editors). Reviews in Computational Chemistry. VCH; 1996. Volume 8. pp. 206–210.

  In a translated book, put the translators’ names after the editors’ names: “Translator 1 FM (translator)” or “Translator 1 FM, Translator 2 FM (translators)”. For example:

  • e.g., Tessier J. Structure, synthesis and physical—Chemical properties of deltamethrin. In: Tessier J (editor). Walden BVdG (translator). Deltamethrin Monograph. Roussel‐Uclaf; 1982.

  If the editors and translators are the same, the format should be as in the following example:

  • e.g., Gadamer HG. Hermeneutics and logocentrism. In: Michelfelder DP, Palmer RE (editors and translators). Dialogue and Deconstruction: The Gadamer‐Derrida Debate. State University of New York Press; 1989. pp. 114–125.

   

  Conference

  Full citations of published abstracts (proceedings)

  In most cases, the proceedings will be simply called “Proceedings of the Name of the Conference (full name)” without a book title. In this case, please only add the conference name in the proceedings’ title and keep that in regular face (i.e., do no italicize):

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM, Author 3 FM, et al. Title of presentation. In: Proceedings of the Name of the Conference; Date of Conference (Day Month Year) (if available); Location of Conference (City, Country) (if available). Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).

  • e.g., Chum O, Philbin J, Zisserman A. Near duplicate image detection: Min‐Hash and tf‐idf weighting. In: Proceedings of the 19th British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC 2008); 1–4 September 2008; Leeds, UK. pp. 812–815.

  If the proceedings are published as a book with a separate title (i.e., not “Proceedings of the Name of the Conference (full name)” as the title), the Book Titles is in italic:

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM, Author 3 FM. Title of presentation. In: Editor 1 FM, Editor 2 FM (editors) (if available). Title of Collected Work, Proceedings of the Name of the Conference; Date of Conference (Day Month Year) (if available); Location of Conference (City, Country) (if available). Publisher; Year. Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).

  • e.g., Beebe N. Digital forensic research: The good, the bad and the unaddressed. In: Advances in Digital Forensics V, Proceedings of the Fifth IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics; 26–28 January 2009; Orlando, FL, USA. Springer; 2009. Volume V, pp. 17–36.

  Oral presentations without published material

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM, Author 3 FM. Title of presentation (if any). Presented at the Name of Conference; Date of Conference (Day Month Year) (if available); Location of Conference (City, Country) (if available); Paper number (if available).

  • e.g., Zhang Z, Chen H, Zhong J, et al. ZnO nanotip‐based QCM biosensors. Presented at the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition; 4–7 June 2006; Miami, FL, USA.

   

  Thesis/Dissertation

  Author FM. Title of Thesis [Level of thesis]. Degree‐Granting University; Year.

  • e.g., Mäckel H. Capturing the Spectra of Silicon Solar Cells [PhD thesis]. The Australian National University; 2004.

  The level of thesis can be called “XX thesis” or “XX dissertation”. Thesis types include but are not limited to the following:

      PhD thesis

      Master’s thesis

      Bachelor’s thesis

      Licentiate thesis

      Diploma thesis

   

  Newspapers

  Author 1, Author 2, Author 3, et al. Title of article. Title of Periodical, Complete Date, Pagination (if available).

  • e.g.: Squires S. Falling short on nutrients. The Washington Post, 4 October 2005, p. H1.

   

  Patent

  Patent Owner 1, Patent Owner 2, Patent Owner 3. Title of Patent. Patent Number, Date (Day Month Year, the Application granted date).

  • e.g., Sheem SK. Low‐Cost Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor. U.S. Patent 6,738,537, 18 May 2004.
  • e.g., Thomas WM, Nicholas ED, Needham JC, et al. Friction Stir Butt Welding. International Patent Application No. PCT/GB92/02203; GB Patent Application No. 9125978.8; U.S. Patent Application No. 5,460,317, 6 December 1991.

   

  Unpublished work

  Author 1 FM, Author 2 FM. Title of unpublished work. Journal Title Year (if available); Phrase Indicating Stage of Publication (submitted, in press, etc.).

  • e.g., Guo L, Zhu Y, Gunawan O, et al. Electrodeposited Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ thin film solar cell with 7% power conversion efficiency. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 2014; in press.
  • e.g., Nokinara K. Title of unpublished work. Duke University, Durham, UK; 2003; Unpublished work.

   

  Online resources

  Author (if available). Title of content (if available). Available online: http://URL (accessed on Day Month Year). In case of a homepage, the access date is not required.

  • e.g., Weier MH. In a big win for HP, Wal‐Mart chooses Neoview Data Warehouse. Available online: http://www.informationweek.com/news/201202317 (accessed on 2 June 2012).

   

  References tips:

  1. References are limited to first three authors.

  2. References with more than three authors: the first three authors should be listed; all the subsequent authors should be replaced by single “et al.” As et al. means “and others”, list all names if there are only 4 authors.

  3. Journal name in each reference should not be abbreviated.

  4. “(a) ref. 1; (b) ref. 2” in one reference is not allowed, and it should be divided into two references.

  5. Pagination: use the abbreviations “p.” and “pp.” to indicate single and multiple pages, respectively, e.g.,

      p. 1

      pp. 1–20

      pp. 1, 15, 20

      240p (to cite the whole book)

  6. The article number can replace the page number.

  7. If the author names appear in non-roman alphabets, Do Retain it as in original form.

  e.g. Å not as A	ĝ not as g
  Ø not as O	ñ not as n
  Ç not as C	ü not as u
  Ł not as L	æ not as ae
  à not as a	oe not as oe

  8. Capitalize first letter after colon/em dash.

  9. If you are not sure what type it is, just try to put it as an online resource—find the document or website’s title, and its URL address. The accessed date should be provided later by the authors (ask the authors to provide this).

   

  Appendix （Optional）

  Appendixes provide information supplementary to an article and are included at the end of the main document. If there is only one, it is designated “Appendix A”; if there is more than one, they are designated “Appendix A”, “Appendix B”, etc.

  Appendixes should be cited in the main text. An appendix’s Figures/Tables/Equations can be cited in the main text, but are not mandatory. The content of an appendix is contained within the sections subordinate to the major heading, “Appendix.” The language and styling rules for the text also apply to appendixes. The form of numbering of tables, figures, and equations in an appendix should be started with prefix A, (i.e., Figure A1, Figure A2, Table A1, etc.).

   

• Copyright Notice

  The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.

  All articles published by Biochemistry Applications are licensed under the Creative Commons International Licenses. Without any explicit request from the corresponding author during the submission stage, a paper will be published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) by default. The authors who would like to publish their work under a non-commercial purpose license, i.e. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), they should express explicit request during the submission stage. Please include statement below in the Comments for the Editor column on the submission page:

  The contributors or authors for this submission entitled “[MANUSCRIPT TITLE]”, i.e. [NAMES of ALL AUTHORS], have given their consents to alter the Creative Commons license to *CC BY-NC 4.0* under which this submission will be published in Biochemistry Applications.

• Privacy Statement

  The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.

APC Payment

Payments for APC of this journal can be made through our online PayPal payment gateway. Enter the article no. into the below textbox and select "Pay Now" to proceed with payment.

*Article No.

*Article No. is mandatory for payment and it can be found on the acceptance letter issued by the Editorial Office. Payment without indicating Article No. will result in processing problem and delay in article processing. Please note that payments will be processed in USD. You can make payment through Masters, Visa or UnionPay card.