Abstract

This paper compares Garuda Indonesia and Lion Air, two leading Indonesian airlines, focusing on their operational, financial, and strategic differences. Garuda, a state-owned full-service airline, targets business and international travelers with a focus on premium services and safety, while Lion Air, a low-cost carrier (LCC), caters to budget-conscious passengers through affordability and extensive domestic coverage. The study highlights Indonesia’s reliance on air travel due to its archipelagic geography and explores how these airlines shape market competition and passenger experiences. Employing qualitative and quantitative analysis, the paper uses industry reports, financial data, and customer reviews to examine their operational efficiency and market strategies. It finds that while Lion Air’s low-cost model is cost-effective, its safety record impacts customer trust. Garuda Indonesia, on the other hand, struggles with financial sustainability. The study suggests that a balanced regulatory approach could enhance national connectivity and economic growth by supporting both service models.

Abstract The integration of sustainability targets and their connection to executive compensation is emerging as a new facet of corporate strategies in response to the low-carbon transition, ESG-driven demands from institutional investors, regulatory mandates, and commitments to corporate social responsibility (CSR). The purpose of this research is to explore issues related to sustainability target-setting and the associated methodologies. This paper summarizes the prior work on target setting and sustainability targets, and the results from previous studies on the reason and rationality of setting sustainability targets were discussed. It also pointed out the issues in sustainability targets and related incentive design. Based on this, several suggestions are offered to assist companies in developing and setting sustainability targets and goals.

Abstract

This paper examines the various determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and assesses the impact of each on CSR practices. Drawing on a solid theoretical framework, we consider factors such as firm characteristics and governance mechanisms. In addition to the CSR determinants, we also explain the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research aims to enrich the CSR literature and provide concrete perspectives for professionals wishing to strengthen their commitment to CSR.