Urinary and Renal Research (URR) is an open access journal, which provides a forum for studies in the field of urinary and renal. The submitted manuscript will go through a rigorous double blind peer-reviewed process.

Urinary and Renal Research aims to respond and adapt to the newest developments in scholarly publishing and at the same time, addresses highly relevant scientific and societal topics. This journal makes research outputs publicly available and allows for different types of articles including original research articles, review articles, book reviews, editorials, commentaries, case report, etc.

The journal will specifically address the following topics but not limited to: Prostate enlargement, kidney stones, urinary incontinence, and urinary tract infections.

Article

An article offering methods and results of original research. In past publications, this type of article was called the "Research Article" or "Original Research Article".

Brief Report

A short report of preliminary studies or original research, which provides fewer details compared with an original research article.

Book Review

A short article giving a brief summary of a book. The book title and the names of all authors should be included in the title of the book review. The content of a book review may include the content and scope of the book and comments on the quality of the book.

Case Report

A report presenting symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of a patient. Case reports are usually published in medical journals.

Communication

A short article introducing original and significant research that requires rapid publication.

Editorial

An article providing official news of the journal (e.g., the introduction of a special issue, the launch of a new journal, etc.) or opinions of the journal editors on a closed issue. Editorials are solicited and will not be peer-reviewed.

Opinion

A short article containing the authors' understanding and standpoints on the interpretation, analysis, or methods used in any research area.

Perspective

An article presenting the authors' viewpoints on a specific area. Different from review articles, perspective articles introduce current advances and focus more on future trends in the field and may take a narrower field of view.

Review

A summary providing a comprehensive review of original research, as well as discussing current research gaps and future trends in the field.

To ensure high-quality publication, Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. (APACSCI) conducts a stringent double-blind peer review process for all manuscripts submitted to its journals:

1. Upon submission, a manuscript is reviewed by the managing editor of the journal to assess for integrality and similarity. Once the manuscript has passed this pre-screening, it will be passed to one of the academic editors (usually Editorial Board members. Whoever they are, they should hold no conflicts of interest).
2. The assigned academic editor carefully evaluates the manuscript to determine if its topic and content are suitable for consideration.
3. The assigned academic editor invites at least two independent-external reviewers who are suitably qualified to assess the paper. Authors can recommend reviewers or provide an avoidance list, and basic information for identifying and contacting the reviewers should be given. The recommended reviewers may not be invited upon the decision of the assigned academic editor.
4. Reviewers are asked to evaluate the manuscript's originality, methodology, contribution to the literature, presentation of results and support for the conclusion, and appropriate referencing of previous relevant studies.
5. According to the evaluation reports by the reviewers along with a review from the assigned academic editor, the Editor-in-Chief makes one of the following decisions: accept the submission, accept with minor revisions, accept with revisions required (major revisions), require resubmission for review, or decline the submission.
6. If the Editor-in-Chief suggests minor revisions, authors are encouraged to revise the manuscript within about 14 days.
7. If the Editor-in-Chief suggests major revisions, authors are encouraged to promptly inform the assistant editor of the anticipated time required to return the revised version of their work. The assistant editor and the author will then engage in a mutual negotiation to determine a suitable timeline for the revised work. In exceptional circumstances, such as a revision period of more than three months, the author may be requested to withdraw the manuscript and resubmit it to be assigned a new manuscript ID. If so, this new submission should be accompanied by the review comments on the previous manuscript and the revised manuscript with a cover letter providing an explanation regarding the revisions.
8. After the resubmission of the revised manuscript, the above steps are repeated before the manuscript is accepted for publication.
9. Authors of rejected submissions have the right to make an appeal in writing to the editorial office of the specific journal (for this journal, editorial_office@apacsci.com) within 4 weeks of receiving the decision. The written appeal should include specific reasons for the appeal and point-by-point responses to the reviewers' comments.
10. Decisions made on appeals by the Editor-in-Chief are final, and no further considerations will be made.

Editorial processes and decisions are not influenced by journal ownership, revenue streams, or advertising policies.

Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. (APACSCI) publishes its journals in the Gold Open Access format. The benefits of this publishing model are as follows:

• Authors retain their copyright without restriction.
• Articles are immediately published online and available for free reading and download.
• No special permission to share or adapt the material in the published articles.

All articles published by Urinary and Renal Research are licensed under the Creative Commons International Licenses. Without any explicit request from the corresponding author during the submission stage, a paper will be published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) by default.

Author Guidelines

Before submitting to the journal, authors should read through the author guidelines for preparing their manuscript. Starting in 2025, a new layout style will be applied, so please download the new manuscript template. 

Manuscript Format

The manuscript should be in MS Word or LaTeX format. The language of all manuscripts must be English (either British or American) and non-English words should be used sparingly. Poor English may lead to article rejection. Authors are encouraged to seek language polishing by a native English speaker or a professional editing service.

Article Types

Please refer to the Article Types for choosing an appropriate type.

Cover Letter

Authors should attach a cover letter together with the article text. A cover letter should encompass a declaration of originality, affirm compliance with the journal's editorial policies, and also contain a brief explanation of the significance of their work and the intention of doing the work. If the work involves the human and animal research, authors should provide the Informed Consent Statement or Ethical Approval ID attached with cover letter. The cover letter is confidential and will be read only by the editors. It will not be seen by the reviewers.

Article Title

Titles should be no more than 50 words, with significant and attractive information for readers. Titles should not include uncommon jargons, abbreviations, and punctuation.

List of Authors

The list of authors should be arranged based on the level of their contribution, with the major contributor listed first. Corresponding authors should be marked with an asterisk (*). Affiliation information should be provided with the following elements: department, institution, city, postal code (if available), and country. The email address of at least one corresponding author must be provided. All authors must approve the final version of the manuscript and agree with the submission. For more information about authorship, please refer to our Authorship Policy.

Abstract and Keywords

Depending on the article type, an abstract should be provided, which gives a concise summary of the article. It is usually a single paragraph of about 200–250 words maximum. Between 5–8 keywords should be included. Words and phrases in article titles should be avoided as keywords.

Text

The text of manuscripts should be in MS Word format. Original research articles should include the Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion (optional) sections.

Section Headings

Headings are used to indicate the hierarchy of the sections of the text. No more than three levels of headings should be employed. The first level of heading should be numbered as 1., 2., 3., 4. in boldface. Likewise, the second and third levels of headings should also be in boldface, for example, 1.1., 1.2., 1.1.1., 1.1.2.

Introduction

The introduction should provide a background that gives the broad readership an overall outlook on the field and the research performed. It pinpoints a problem and states the significance of the study. The introduction can conclude with a brief statement on the aim of the work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved.

Materials and Methods

This section provides the general experimental design and methodologies used. The aim is to provide enough details for other investigators to fully replicate the experiments. It is also to facilitate a better understanding of the results obtained.

Results

This section can be divided into subheadings. This section focuses on the results of the experiments performed.

Discussion

This section should provide the significance of the results and identify the impact of the research in a broader context. It should not be redundant or similar to the content of the Results section.

Conclusion (Optional)

The conclusion section can only be used for interpretation, and not be used to summarize information already presented in the text or abstract.

Figures and Tables

Figures (photographs, images, graphs, charts, and schematic diagrams) and tables should be referred to within the main text and numbered consecutively as Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2, etc. They should be placed as close as possible to where they are first cited and center-aligned. Both figure captions and table captions should be center-aligned, with figure captions set underneath the figures and table captions above the tables. When captions are longer than one line, they should be left-aligned.

Figures can contain multiple panels. They should be numbered by Latin letters with parentheses, e.g., (a), (b), (c), or (A), (B), (C), placed below the image or within the image.

Tables should be in MS Word/Excel table format. Tables containing too much information can be provided as supplementary material.

In the main text, all figures and tables should be cited, e.g., “Table 1 indicates…”, “Figures 1 and 2 shows…”, and “Figure 1a,b shows…”.

The submission of images should comply with the following requirements to ensure clarity and readability for both reviewers and readers:

• File Formats and Resolution: Images should be submitted in preferred formats such as PNG, JPG, SVG, with a resolution exceeding 300 dpi. Vector formats (e.g., SVG) are preferred for scalable images like graphs and line drawings. For line drawings, a higher resolution is necessary compared to photographic images, as each line must be rendered with precision.
• Aesthetic and Technical Quality: Images should not only be aesthetically pleasing but also possess appropriate brightness and contrast levels to guarantee clarity.
• Abbreviation: Any abbreviations or symbols utilized in the figures must be clearly defined in their respective legends (except for those already mentioned in this article).

Note: Failure to provide images in the specified format and resolution may significantly compromise image quality and readability. If an individual image is excessively large, it may lead to slow loading or system timeouts. It is advisable that the PDF file for each article remains under 10 MB to enhance the reading experience for users.

Lists and Equations

Both bulleted lists and numbered lists are acceptable (refer to the template). Equations should be center-aligned and equation numbers should be right-aligned. If cited in the text, equations should be labeled with numbers in parentheses, e.g., Equation (1).

In-Text Citations

All bibliographical references that make an important contribution to the article should be numbered according to the appearance order. When cited in the text, the number should be placed in square brackets, for example:

• Negotiation research spans many disciplines [3,4].
• This effect has been widely studied [1–5,7].

Appendix (Optional)

An appendix provides information supplementary to an article and is included at the end of the article after the References section and it should start on a new page. For one appendix, it is designated as “Appendix”; for more than one appendix, they are designated “Appendix A”, “Appendix B”, etc.

An appendix should be cited in the main text. Tables, figures, and equations should be started with the prefix A (i.e., Figure A1, Figure A2, Table A1, etc.).

Back Matter

The sequence of back matter elements in an article is listed below. There is no numeral label for back matter headings. Some of these elements are optional.

Supplementary materials (Optional)

The Supplementary Materials section provides a short description of the supplementary materials. One or more individual supplementary files are allowed and should be submitted in Step 4 during submission. These materials are relevant to the manuscript but remain non-essential to readers’ understanding of the article’s main content. Please ensure the names of such files contain “suppl. info”. Videos may be included in this section.

Author contributions

For original research articles, this section is required, except when there is only one author for the article. The contribution of each co‐author should be reported in this section.

The following statements should be used “Conceptualization, XX and YY; methodology, XX; software, XX; validation, XX, YY and ZZ; formal analysis, XX; investigation, XX; resources, XX; data curation, XX; writing—original draft preparation, XX; writing—review and editing, XX; visualization, XX; supervision, XX; project administration, XX; funding acquisition, YY. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.”

Funding (Optional)

Authors can acknowledge financial support in this section, which is NOT mandatory. If authors provide a funding statement, it should be in the same style as the template.

For example:

“This research was funded by [name of funder] grant number [xxx]” and “The APC was funded by [XXX]”. Please check carefully that the details given are accurate and that the standard spelling of the funding agency’s name in https://search.crossref.org/funding is used, as any errors may affect the authors’ future funding.

Acknowledgments (Optional)

Authors can acknowledge any support and contribution that cannot be included in the Author Contributions and Funding sections. This section is NOT mandatory.

Ethical approval

Please state whether the study received ethical review.

If approval was required, provide the approving body’s full name and reference number:
“This study was reviewed and approved by [Name of Institutional Review Board/ethics committee] (approval number: [XXXX]).”

If ethical approval was not required, briefly explain the reason (e.g., study design exemption under local regulations). OR “Not applicable” for studies not involving humans or animals.

For research involving human participants, confirm that written informed consent was obtained from all adult subjects and/or from the legal guardians of any minors or legally incapacitated participants. OR “Not applicable.” for studies not involving humans. 

Conflict of interest

According to our Conflict of Interest Policy, all authors are required to declare all activities that have the potential to be deemed as a source of competing interest in relation to their submitted manuscript. Examples of such activities include personal or work-related relationships and events. Authors who have nothing to declare should add “No conflict of interest was reported by all authors” or “The authors declare no conflict of interest” in this section.

References

This section is compulsory and should be placed at the end of the manuscript. Footnotes or endnotes should not replace a reference list. The list of references should only include works that are cited in the text and that have been published or accepted for publication. Personal communications should be excluded from this section.

The format of author names should be “Last-Name Initial”, e.g., David Smith should be written as Smith D.

Please note: The cited literature must be pertinent to the research topic. Prioritize original sources over secondary citations. Avoid plagiarism, over-reliance on a single source, and excessive or inappropriate self-citation to ensure the scientific rigor and reliability of the paper.

Journal

Journals in English:

• Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, et al. Title of the article. Journal Name. Year, Volume(Issue) (if available): Firstpage–Lastpage. doi (if available)

Journals in languages other than English:

• Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, et al. English title of the article (original language). Journal Name. Year, Volume(Issue) (if available): Firstpage–Lastpage. doi (if available)

Book

A book without editors:

• Author AA, Author BB. Chapter (optional). Title of the Book, Edition (if available). Publisher; Year. pp. Page range (optional).

A book with editors:

• Author AA, Author BB. Title of the contribution. In: Editor CC, Editor DD (editors). Title of the Book, Edition (if available). Publisher; Year. Volume (optional), pp. Page range (optional).

For a translated book, the translators’ names should be placed after the editors’ names: “Translator AA (translator)” or “Translator AA, Translator BB (translators)”.

If the editors and translators are the same, the format should be as follows:

• Author AA, Author BB. Title of the contribution. In: Editor CC, Editor DD (editors and translators). Title of the Book, Edition (if available). Publisher; Year. Volume (optional), pp. Page range (optional).

Conference

Full citations of published abstracts (proceedings):

In most cases, proceedings will be simply called “Proceedings of the Name of the Conference (full name)” without a book title. In this case, please only add the conference name in the proceedings’ title and keep that in regular font (i.e., do not italicize):

• Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, et al. Title of presentation. In: Proceedings of the Name of the Conference; Date of Conference (Day Month Year) (if available); Location of Conference (City, Country) (if available). Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).

If the proceedings are published as a book with a separate title (i.e., not “Proceedings of the Name of the Conference (full name)” as the title), the book title should be included:

• Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of presentation. In: Editor DD, Editor EE (editors) (if available). Title of Collected Work, Proceedings of the Name of the Conference; Date of Conference (Day Month Year) (if available); Location of Conference (City, Country) (if available). Publisher; Year. Abstract Number (optional), Pagination (optional).

Oral presentations without published material:

• Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of presentation (if any). Presented at the Name of Conference; Date of Conference (Day Month Year) (if available); Location of Conference (City, Country) (if available); Paper number (if available).

Thesis/Dissertation

• Author AA. Title of Thesis [Level of thesis]. Degree‐Granting University; Year.

The level of thesis can be called “XX thesis” or “XX dissertation”. Thesis types include but are not limited to the following:

• PhD thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Bachelor’s thesis
• Licentiate thesis
• Diploma thesis

Newspaper

• Author AA, Author BB, Author CC, et al. Title of article. Title of Periodical, Complete Date, Pagination (if available).

Patent

• Patent Owner AA, Patent Owner BB, Patent Owner CC. Title of Patent. Patent Number, Date (Day Month Year, the Application granted date).

Unpublished work

• Author AA, Author BB. Title of unpublished work. Journal Title. Year (if available); Phrase Indicating Stage of Publication (submitted, in press, etc.).

Online resources

• Author (if available). Title of content (if available). Available online: http://URL (accessed on Day Month Year).

For a homepage, the access date is not required.

Authors contributing to this journal agree to publish their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear. With this license, authors hold the copyright without restrictions and are allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions as long as this journal is the original publisher of the articles.

Asia Pacific Academy of Science Pte. Ltd. (APACSCI) is devoted to protecting authors' privacy. With APACSCI's privacy policy, authors can rest assured of their privacy in collaborating with APACSCI.

1. Personal information

APACSCI collects personal information when individuals register on a journal site (e.g., as an author), when the editorial office helps them register (e.g., as a reviewer), or when they communicate with APACSCI or subscribe to APACSCI notifications. Information, including name, title, affiliation, country, and e-mail address, will be treated as private and only used for activities involving manuscript processing. APACSCI will not disclose any personal information to third parties. This policy also applies to the information of the co-authors of submissions.

APACSCI collects some other information when individuals visit the APACSCI website, such as log data, device information, IP address, time of visit, and visitor interaction. These data are used for optimizing APACSCI's service, gathering statistics on articles, and promoting the APACSCI website.

Registered individuals can access their accounts or make corrections to their personal information. They also have the right to request APACSCI to delete their information.

2. Third-party links

APACSCI is not responsible for any consequences caused when visitors to the APACSCI website are linked or directed to a third-party website.

3. Contact APACSCI

For any questions regarding APACSCI's privacy policy, please send an email to editorial_office@apacsci.com.